Iimpawu zeMali yaseCalifornia kunye nezimpendulo zeemibuzo edla rhoqo

by Betsy Malloy

Iingundoqo Ngeentetho zaseSpain zaseSpain

Ukuba wawuzibuza ngemisebenzi yaseSpain eCalifornia - kwaye ingakumbi ukuba ufuna iCalifornia Missions yeyona nto, eli phepha lenzelwe wena kuphela.

Indlela i-California Missions eqale ngayo

Iintetho zaseSpain zaseCalifornia zaqala ngenxa yeNkosi yaseSpain. Wayefuna ukudala indawo yokuhlala ngokusisigxina kwindawo yehlabathi elitsha.

I-Spanish yayifuna ukulawula u-Alta California (oko kuthetha ukuba u-Upper California ngesiSpanish).

Babenenkxalabo kuba amaRussia ayehamba eningizimu esuka e-Fort Ross, ukuya kulo ngoku eyiNonoma County Coast.

Isigqibo sokudala iintetho zaseSpain e-Alta California kwakukho kwezopolitiko. Kwakhona kunqulo. Icawa yamaKatolika yayifuna ukuguqula abantu basekuhlaleni inkolo yamaKatolika.

Ngubani Owamisa i-California Missions?

UBawoipero Serra wayengumbingeleli ohlonishwayo waseSpain waseFrancis. Wayesebenza eMexico iminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ngaphambi kokuba abekwe umphathi we-California. Ukuze sifumane okunye ngaye, funda i-biography yaBawo Serra .

Oku kwenzeka ngo-1767 xa umyalelo wama-Franciscan wababingeleli bathatha iNtshumayelo Yehlabathi Elitsha kubafundisi bama-Jesuit. Iinkcukacha emva kotshintsho ziyinkimbinkimbi ukungena kule sishwankathelo esifutshane

Zingaphi Iinkonzo Ezikhoyo?

Ngomnyaka we-1769, umkhosi waseSpain nomhloli wezepolitiki uGaspar de Portola noBawo Serra bahamba ngokuqala, beya enyakatho ukusuka eLa Paz e-Baja California ukuba baqalise i-mission e-Alta California.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-54 ezayo, ii-21 zaseCalifornia zaqaliswa. Zihamba ngeekhilomitha ezingama-650 ecaleni kwe-El Camino Real (King's Highway) phakathi kweSan Diego nedolophu yaseSonoma. Uyabona indawo yabo kule mephu .

Kutheni iCawa YamaKatolika Yakha Imisebenzi?

Oomama baseSpain bafuna ukuguqula amaNdiya asekuhlaleni ukuya ebuKristwini.

Kwimishini nganye, baqesha i- neophytes kumaNdiya asekuhlaleni. Kwezinye iindawo, babazisa ukuba baphile kwi-mission kunye nabanye, bahlala kwiidolophana zabo baza baya kwimishini imihla ngemihla. Kuyo yonke indawo, obawo bawafundisa ngokuKatolika, indlela yokuthetha iSpeyin, indlela yokulima, kunye nezinye izakhono.

Amanye amaNdiya ayefuna ukuya emisebenzini, kodwa abanye abazange bahambe. Amasosha aseSpeyin aphatha kakubi amaNdiya.

Enye yeyona nto eyona nto eyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu malunga nokuthunyelwa kwamaNdiya kwakungenakukwazi ukumelana nezifo zaseYurophu. Izifo zengqungquthela, isisisi, kunye ne-diphtheria zabulala abaninzi abantu basekuhlaleni. Asazi ukuba bangaphi amaNdiya aseCalifornia ngaphambi kokuba iSpanishi ifike okanye nokuba bangaphi abantu abafa ngaphambi kokuba ixesha lexesha lokumisa liphele. Into esiyaziyo kukuba ukubhaptizwa kwabangama-80,000 amaNdiya kwaye kubhalwa malunga nokufa kwama-60,000.

Yintoni Abantu Ayenzileyo Kwiimisebenzi?

Ngeentlanganiso, abantu benza zonke izinto abantu abazenzayo kwidolophu encinane.

Zonke iintlanganiso zaphakamisa ingqolowa kunye nengqolowa. Zininzi zezidiliya zenza iwayini. Baye bakhulisa imfuyo neegusha baze bathengise impahla yeekhumba kunye neempuphu ezinomthi. Kwezinye iindawo, zenza isepha kunye namakhandlela, zineentsimbi zobumnyama, zambethe iingubo, zenza nezinye iimveliso zisebenzise kwaye zithengise.

Ezinye zeentlanganiso zaye zaba neeyuniti, apho abaBawo bafundisa amaNdiya ukucula iingoma zamaKristu.

Yintoni eyenzekayo kwii-California Missions?

Isikhathi saseSpain asizange sigcine ixesha elide. Ngowe-1821 (emva kweminyaka engama-52 emva kokuba uPortola noSerra bahambe okokuqala ukuya eCalifornia), iMexico yafumana ukuzimela kwiSpeyin. UMexico akakwazanga ukuxhasa inkxaso yaseCalifornia emva koko.

Ngowe-1834, urhulumente waseMexico wenza isigqibo sokusasaza i-mission-oko kuthetha ukutshintsha ekusebenziseni unqulo-kwaye uthengise. Babuza amaNdiya ukuba bafuna ukuthenga umhlaba, kodwa abazange bafune-okanye bangenako ukuthenga. Ngamanye amaxesha, akukho mntu wayefuna izakhiwo zentsebenzo kwaye zaza zahlukana.

Ekugqibeleni, umhlaba wobuvangeli wahlukana waza wathengiswa. Icawa yamaKatolika yayigcina imiyalezo embalwa ebalulekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni ngowe-1863, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wabuyela onke amazwe ayengumvangeli kwiCawa yamaKatolika. Ngelo xesha, ezininzi zazo zazingxakini.

Kuthiwani Ngeemisebenzi Ngoku?

Ngenkulungwane ye-20, abantu banomdla kwi-mission kwakhona. Babuyisela okanye babuyisele kwakhona imisebenzi ewonakalisiweyo.

Zine zeentlanganiso ziqhutywe phantsi kweNkundla yeFranciscan: Imisebenzi yaseSan Antonio de Padua, iMission Santa Barbara, iMission San Miguel Arcángel, kunye neMission San Luis Rey yaseFrancia. Abanye basabaseklasini. Zisixhenxe zazo ziiMpawu zoMlando zeSizwe.

Uninzi lweemisebenzi ezindala zineemyuziyam kunye neendawo eziphazamisayo. Unokufunda malunga naso nganye kwezi zikhokelo ezikhawulezayo, zenzelwe ukunceda abafundi baseCalifornia kunye neendwendwe ezinomdla.