Nsuku zonke, iindiza ezingaphezu kwe-100 000 ezicwangcisiweyo rhoqo zivela kwii-airports zazo kwaye zihamba kuzo zonke iindawo emhlabeni jikelele. Zininzi zezi zizithuthi zorhwebo, ezithwele amawaka abantu ngosuku okanye ukusuka kumakhaya abo ehlabathini lonke. Uninzi lwaba bagibeli abacinga nantoni iteknoloji engena kummangaliso wokubaleka, okanye amawaka abantu emhlabeni jikelele abangazange banenhlanhla.
Nangona ukuhamba ngeenqwelo-moya ngenye yezindlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuthutha namhlanje, le ndlela yokuthutha yayingeyona nto inokuthenjwa kuyo yonke into. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha lokuhamba ngeenqwelo-moya, abantu abangaphezu kwama-50,000 baye balahlekelwa ubomi babo kwiingozi zeenqwelo-moya ezazingakwazi ukulawula. Nangona kunjalo, kwimibingelelo yabo, ukuqhubela phambili kwenkwenkwezi yanamhlanje kuye kwanda kuba yindlela ekhuselekileyo neyona ndlela ihamba phambili ehamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele.
Iziganeko ezinkulu zeenqwelo zokukhusela ziye zachaphazela njani amava abahamba ngekota? Nazi imimiselo emihlanu yendlela izingozi zeenqwelo zeenqwelo ezibangelwa kukufa ziye zenza ukhuseleko olukhuselekileyo kubahambi banamhlanje emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngowe-1956: I-Grand Canyon Mid-Air Collision
Kwimbali emfutshane ye-American aircraft yezobuchwephesha, i-Grand Canyon phakathi kwe-air-collision yayiyona ganeko elibi kunazo zonke kwizembali kwixesha. Ngenxa yokubaluleka komcimbi kwimbali ye-American flight, indawo ye-crash yayikhethwe njenge-US National Historic Landmark ngo-2014 kwaye yindawo ephawulekayo kuphela eyenzelwe isiganeko esenzeka emoyeni.
Yintoni eyenzekayo: NgoJuni 30, ngo-1956, i-TWA Flight 2, i-Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, yadibanisa kunye ne-United Airlines Flight 718, i-Mainliner yaseDouglas DC-7. Emva kokuba zombini iinqwelo-moya zisuke e-Los Angeles International Airport zibheke empuma, iindlela zabo zawela phezu kweGrand Canyon e-Arizona. Ngoqhagamshelwano oluncinane kunye nabalawuli bezithuthi zomoya kunye nokuhamba ngeenqwelo ezingenakulawulwa, iindiza ezimbini aziyazi ukuba ziphi na ezinye, kwaye azizange ziyazi ukuba zithintela.
Ngenxa yoko, zombini iinqwelo-moya zaphela zihamba ngeenqanawa kunye nokuphakama kwayo, okubangelwa ukudibana phakathi komoya. Yonke imiphefumlo engama-128 engenazo zombini idizaywayo yabulawa ngenxa yengozi kwaye yabangela ukuhlaselwa kwiGrand Canyon.
Yintoni eyatshintshileyo: Isiganeko senza ukuba kubonakale ingxaki enkulu kuMzantsi Afrika wokuphuhlisa izakhiwo zeenqwelo-moya ngexesha: akukho lawulo oluqhelekileyo lweendlela zokuhamba nge-moya ngelo xesha. Ulawulo lwe-Airspace lwahlukana phakathi kweempi zase-US, ezazisoloko zibaluleke kakhulu, nazo zonke ezinye iinqwelo, njengoko zilawulwa yiBhodi ye-Aeronautics Board. Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho iziganeko eziphantse ziphosakeleyo ezichazwe phakathi kweenqwelo zorhwebo, okanye iindiza zorhwebo ezijongene neziganeko ezikufutshane kunye neenqwelo zomkhosi.
Kwiminyaka emibili emva kweentlekele zeGrand Canyon, iCongress yadlulisela uMthetho we-Federal Aviation Act ka-1958. Isenzo saza sazala i-Federal Aviation Agency (kamva i-Federal Aviation Administration), eyayilawula yonke i-airways yase-American phantsi kolawulo olulodwa, oluhlangeneyo. Ngokuphuculwa kwithekhnoloji, ukuphambana kwamabhakabhaka kunye neentambo ezikufuphi ziye zancitshiswa kakhulu, nto leyo yabangela ukuba bafumane amava aphephile.
Ngowe-1977: I-Tenerife Airport Disaster
Ingozi eyingozi kunazo zonke kwimbali yecrafta yenzeke kungekhona kwisikhumulo sezindiza okanye njengesenzo sogubungela ngamabomu kodwa endaweni yabandakanyeka kwisikhululo-moya esiseSpeyin saseCanary Islands ngenxa yokungahambisani kakubi phakathi kwabaqhubi ababini.
Ngo-Matshi 27, 1977, i-Tenerife Airport Disaster yathi inabantu abangama-583, xa iinqwelo ezimbini ze-Boeing 747 zidibanisa kwinqwelo e-Los Rodeos Airport (ngoku kuthiwa yiTenerife-North Airport)
Yintoni eyenzekayo: Ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhobho kwisikhumulo sezindiza saseGran Canaria, inqwelo ezininzi eziya kwisikhululo sezindiza zachithwa kwiindawo ezininzi zokungena kwendawo, kuquka i-Los Rodeos Airport kwiTenerife. I-KLM i-Flight 4805 kunye ne-Pan Am Flight 1736 yeenqwelo ezimbini ze-Boeing 747 zajikezelwa kwisikhululo-moya esincinci ngenxa yesigqeba se-Gran Canaria.
Emva kokuba isiqithi-moya siphinde sivulwe, bobabini abangama-747 bafuna ukubeka isikhundla kwakhona ukuze baphume ngokuphumelelayo kwisikhululo. Uhambo lwe-KLM luyalelwe ukuba luye ekupheleni komgwaqo uze uphendule amadireji angama-180 ukuze ulungiselele ukuthatha indawo, ngelixa i-Pan Am indiza yayiyalelwe ukuba isuse umzila ngendlela yeeteksi.
Inkungu enamandla yenza ukuba kungenakwenzeka ukuba iindiza zombini zihlale zidibana, kodwa nakwiPan Am 747 ukuchonga iteksi efanelekileyo. Ukungahambelani kakuhle phakathi kwabaqhubi bee-pilot kubangele ukuhamba kwe-KLM kuqalise izicwangciso zabo zokuthabatha ngaphambi kokuba iPan Am 747 icacile, okubangele ukuqhubana okukhulu okwabulala abantu abangama-583. Kwi-Pan Am indiza, abantu abangama-61 basinda ekuphekeni.
Yintoni eyatshintshileyo: Ngenxa yengozi, amanyathelo okukhusela okukhuselekileyo athatyathwa ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela intlekele yalesi sikhulu ukusenzeka kwakhona. Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luvumelekile ukusebenzisa isiNgesi njengelwimi oluqhelekileyo ukusebenzisana kokulawulwa kweendlela zomoya, kunye nesethi yamagama aqhelekileyo azisa zonke iinkcukacha phakathi kweenqwelo. Emva kwesiganeko seTenerife, igama elithi "ukuthatha" lisetyenziswe kuphela xa inqwelo yenkqantosi iqinisekiswa ukuba iphume kwisikhumulo se-moya. Ukongezelela, imiyalelo emitsha yecoppit yanikezelwa kumaqela ovavanyo, ebeka ugxininiso ngakumbi kwisigqibo seqela, kunokuba umqhubi enze zonke izigqibo zeqela.
1987: I-Pacific Southwest Air Airlines Flight 1771
Nangona i-1970 yayingqina kwizinto zokuxhaphaza kweenqwelo-moya eziqhelekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele, kwakungabonakali into efana neyobuhlungu okanye isifo njengesi siganeko esiye sabangela iPacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771. Ngethuba lendiza ehleliwe rhoqo ukusuka eLos Angeles ukuya eSan Francisco ngoDisemba 7, 1987, umntu owayesakuba ngumqeshwa wayejolise kwi-flight kunye nabaphathi beenqwelo-moya, abulale abaqhubi beenqwelo zeenqwelo kunye nokuzisa i-aircraft kwiCentral Coast.
Yintoni eyenzekayo: Emva kokuthengwa kwe-Pacific Southwest Airlines nge-USAir, owayengumqeshwa uDavid Burke waxoshwa kwinkampani ngeentlawulo zobusela obuphangaleleyo, emva kokuba i-69 zama-reist kwi-retail cocktail. Emva kokuzama ukubuyisela umsebenzi wakhe ngaphandle, uBurke wathenga ithikithi yendiza yakhe imenenja yayiye, ngenjongo yokumbulala.
UBurke akazange aphendule iinkcukacha zakhe zeenqwelo-moya, evumela ukuba angenelele ukhuseleko kunye ne-revolver elayishiwe. Emva kokuba indiza ibe yindiza, iBurke inokumelana nomphathi wayo, phambi kokushaja i-cockpit nokubulala abaqhubi. Ikholamu yokulawula yaqhutyelwa phambili, izisa inqwelo ephantsi kweSanta Lucia ezintabeni phakathi kweCayucous kunye nePaso Robles, eCalifornia. Kwakungekho nabasindileyo kweso siganeko.
Yintoni eyatshintshileyo: Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa, ii-airbus kunye neCongress zatshintsha imimiselo yabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni bangaphambili. Okokuqala, bonke abasebenzi abanqanyuliweyo bee-airline kufuneka bachithe ngokukhawuleza iziqinisekiso zabo, ngoko kususe ukufikelela kwabo kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo ze-moya. Okwesibini, igunya lafakwa endaweni efuna ukuba bonke abasebenzi beenqwelo-moya bahluthe i-regimen yokujonga ukukhuselwa njengokhuseleko. Ekugqibeleni, kuba abaphathi abaningana be-Chevron Oil Company babesendleleni kuloo moya, iinkampani ezininzi zatshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo yazo ukuze zidinga abaphathi ukuba baqhube kwiindiza ezahlukeneyo, xa kwenzeka ingozi.
1996: ValuJet Flight 592
AmaFlyers aphile ngo-1996 angakhumbula ngokucacileyo isiganeko esaphantsi kweValuJet Flight 952, kwaye ekugqibeleni sazisa umphathi weendleko eziphantsi kokuzibulala kwakhe. NgoMeyi 11, 1996, uMcDonnell-Douglas DC-9 oneminyaka engama-27 ehamba esuka eMiami waya eAtlanta wehla eFlorida Everglades kungekudala emva kokufuduka kwakhe, wabulala bonke abantu abayi-110 ababebalekile.
Yintoni eyenzekayo: Ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe, inkontileka yokulondoloza iValuJet ilayishe iibhokisi ezihlanu ze-oksijini ze-oxygen generator eziphelelwe yisikhathi kwi-moya. Esikhundleni seempuphu zeplastiki ezifihla izikhonkwane zokudubula, izikhonkwane kunye neentambo zahlanganiswa ngeteksi. Ngethuba leeteksi, i-aircraft yafumana i-jolt kwi-tarmac, ishintshe iifenki ze-oksijini kwaye isebenze ubuncinane. Ngenxa yoko, iyakhupha i-oxygen kwaye yaqalisa ukufudumala kwiqondo lokushisa elingama-degrees ama-Fahrenheit angama-500.
Ngenxa yoko, umlilo waqhamuka kwi-cargo holdenger, ekhutshiswe ngamanzi ashushu, iibhokisi zekhadibhodi kunye ne-oksijini ephuma kuyo. Umlilo usasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwi-cabin yokugibela abantu, ngelixa udibanisa ukubaluleka kokulawula ikhebula kwi-moya. Ngaphantsi kwemizuzu engama-15 emva kokuba inqwelo ihambe, yehla ngokukhawuleza eFlorida Everglades, ebulala bonke abo.
Yintoni eyatshintshileyo: Ngenxa yengozi kunye nophando, i-FAA yaqala ukugunyaza utshintsho olusondeleyo kwiindiza zaseMerika. Okokuqala, zonke iinqwelo eziza kutsha ziza kufuneka zibandakanye ababonisi bemishu ephethe impahla, ukubika kwi-cockpit. Ukongeza, i-cargo ibamba kufuneka ibe neenkqubo zokunciphisa umlilo ezifakwe ukuyeka umlilo kunye nokugcina ulondoloze i-moya ize ibuyele kwisikhululo-moya. Ekugqibeleni, ikhontrakta ukulayisha izinto kwi-cargo hold hold held responsible for their actions and was finally forced to close their doors.
1996: TWA Flight 800
Xa i-TWA Flight 800 yavela esibhakabhakeni ngoJulayi 17, 1996, le ntlekele yaba yinto engenakucingeka. I-Boeing 747 engenakho irekhodi lesiganeko esawela esibhakabhakeni imizuzu engama-12 emva kokuphuma kwi-Airport yaseJohn F. Kennedy. Ngokukhawuleza, i-TWA Worldport yaba yindawo yokuzibalalisa iintsapho kunye nabasebenzi, njengoko ihlabathi lizama ukubeka iziqwenga ndawonye kwizinto ezingahambi kakuhle.
Yintoni eyenzekayo: Emva kwemizuzu engama-12 emva kweTWA Flight 800 ukusuka eJFK, eya eRome ngokumisa eParis, le moya yayibonakala iqhutywe ngaphandle kwesizathu esiphezulu esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku. Inqwelo-moya esondeleyo echazwe kubalawuli bezithuthi zomoya zibona ukuqhuma kweenyawo eziyi-16,000 emoyeni, zilandelwa ezinye iingxelo. Ukukhangela kunye nemisebenzi yokuhlangula yatshitshiswa kwisayithi, kodwa ayikho into efanelekileyo: bonke abantu abangama-230 abakwi-moya babulawe emva kokuqhuma.
Yintoni eyatshintshileyo: Emva kophando olude olugweba ugqirha nokuphelelwa komoya, abaphandi kwiBhodi yeSizwe yokuThuthwa koThutho bazimisele ukuba iinqwelo-moya ziqhutywe ngenxa yecala loyilo. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, "isiganeko sokubandezeleka" kwisikhululo seenqwelo zomoya singabangela ukungaphumeleli ngokukhawuleza, okubangele ukuqhuma kwe-flight-break and break. Nangona i-flaw yoyilo yayisetyenziswe ngaphambili ukujongana nokukhanyiswa kwezibane kwiinqwelo-moya , i-flaw ayizange ifakwe kwiizindiza ezithile zeBoing. Ngaloo ndlela, i-NTSB icebisa ukuba zonke iinqwelo zomoya zihambelane ne-tank entsha kunye nezikhokelo ezinxulumene nezixhobo, kuquka ukufaka iinkqubo ze-nitrogen-inerting systems.
Ukongezelela, ingozi yanikezela iCongress impetus ukudlulisa uMthetho woNcedo lweNtsapho yeNcedo lweNtlekele ka-1996. Ngaphantsi komthetho, i-NTSB yinkampani ephambili ekudibaniselwano kunye neenkonzo ezifanelekileyo kwiintsapho zalabo abachaphazelekayo kwisiganeko sezindiza, kungekhona i-airline. Ukongezelela, kubandakanywa iifayili kunye namaqela abo abameleyo ayanqatshelwe ukuqhagamshelana neentsapho iintsuku ezingama-30 emva kweso siganeko.
Nangona uhambo lwemoya aluzange lube yindlela ekhuselekileyo yokuhamba, imibingelelo yabanye yajika yahamba yaba yinto ekhuselekileyo kunye nokufikelela kuwo wonke umntu. Ngezi ziganeko, isizukulwana esilandelayo seeflaya singabhenqa kwihlabathi ngeenkxalabo ezimbalwa malunga nokufika kwiindawo zabo zokugqibela.