Izifo ezininzi ze-Afrika ezigqithisileyo zidluliselwa ngutulu-kuquka i- malaria , i-yellow fever kunye ne-dengue fever. Nangona kunjalo, inkohlakalo ayilona inambuzane ebulalayo kuphela kwilizwekazi laseAfrika. Iintlanzi zeTsetse zithumela i-trypanosomiasis yaseAfrika (okanye isifo sokulala) kwizilwanyana kunye nabantu kumazwe angama-39 ase-Sahara. Usulelo luvame ukugcinwa kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, kwaye ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba banokuchaphazela abo bacwangcisa kwiifama ezihambelayo okanye kwiindawo zokugcina iimidlalo.
I-Tsetse Fly
Igama elithi "tsetse" lithetha "indiza" ngesiTswana, kwaye ibhekisela kuzo zonke iindidi ezingama-23 ze-fly fly Glossina. Iintlanzi zeTsetse zondla kwigazi lezilwanyana ezilwanyana, kuquka abantu, ngokwenza njalo, zithumela izifo zokugula ezilele kwizilwanyana ezikhuselwe zizifo ezingenakukhuselwa. Iimpukane zifana neempukane eziqhelekileyo zendlu, kodwa zichongwa ngamacandelo amabini ahlukileyo. Zonke iindiza ze-fly zee-fly ze-probe zinexesha elide, okanye i-proboscis, ephakanyiswa ngokubanzi ukusuka kwisiseko senhloko yazo. Xa bephumla, amaphiko abo aphinda phezu kwesisu, enye ngqo phezulu kwesinye.
Ukugula Ukugula Kwezilwanyana
I-trypanosomiasis yezilwanyana zaseAfrika inefuthe elibi kwimfuyo, ngakumbi kwimfuyo. Iilwanyana ezichaphazelekayo ziba zibuthathaka, kangangokuba azikwazi ukulima okanye ukuvelisa ubisi. Abafazi abakhulelweyo bahlala bekhupha abantwana babo, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ixhoba liya kufa. I-Prophylactics yeenkomo ibiza kwaye ayisoloko isebenza kakuhle.
Ngaloo ndlela, ukufama ngokubanzi akunakwenzeka kwimimandla echaphazelekayo ye-tsetse. Abo bazama ukugcina imfuyo bahlaselwa yisifo nokufa, malunga neenkomo ezigidi ezi-3 zifa minyaka yonke kwisifo.
Ngenxa yoko, i-fly zeet isinye sezidalwa ezineempembelelo kwilizwekazi laseAfrika.
Kukho kwindawo ejikelezayo malunga neekhilomitha ezili-1,6 zeekhilomitha ze-Afrika engezantsi kwe-Sahara-umhlaba onomhlaba ongeke uphumelele ukulima. Ngaloo ndlela, i-fly ye-tsetse idlalwa njengenye yezona zimbangela ezibalulekileyo zentlupheko e-Afrika. Kwamazwe angama-39 athathwe yizilwanyana ze-trypanosomiasis zase-Afrika, ezingama-30 zibalwa njengengeniso ephantsi, iintsikelelo zokutya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-fly ye-tsetse nayo ixanduva lokulondoloza amaphecana amaninzi kwendawo yokuhlala yasendle eyayiya kuba yatshintshwa kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Le mimandla yinqaba yokugqibela yezilwanyana zasendle zaseAfrika. Nangona izilwanyana ze-safari (ikakhulukazi i-antelope kunye ne-warthog) zisengozini kwesi sifo, zithinteka kakhulu kunenkomo.
Ukugula Ukugula kubantu
Kwiintlobo ezingama-23 ze-fly ze-fly, zithandathu kuphela zokudlulisa ukugula kwabantu. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ze-tryanosomiasis yabantu base-Afrika: I- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense kunye neTespanosoma brucei rhodesiense . I-yangaphambili yinto ephezulu kakhulu, i-97% yeziganeko ezichaziweyo. Ivalwe kwiCentral and West Africa , kwaye iyakwazi ukuhamba ingabonwa ngeenyanga ngaphambi kokuba iimpawu ezinzulu zivela. Inkqubo yokugqibela ayiqhelekanga, ngokukhawuleza ekuphuhliseni nasekupheleni eMzantsi naseMpuma Afrika .
I-Uganda yilizwe eliphela kunye neTb gambiense kunye neTb rhodesiense .
Izibonakaliso zokugula ziquka ukukhathala, iintloko, iintlungu zomzimba kunye nomkhuhlane ophezulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lesi sifo sichaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous central, okubangelwa ukuphazamiseka kokulala, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuxhatshazwa, i-coma kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukufa. Ngethamsanqa, ukugula kwabantu kuhla. Ngokwe-World Health Organisation, ngelixa kwakukho iziganeko ezingama-300 000 zesifo ngo-1995, kuqikelelwa ukuba kwakukho kuphela amatyala amatsha angama-15 000 ngo-2014. Ukuhla kwezinto kubangelwa ukulawulwa okungcono kwezibindi ze-fly, kunye nokuxilongwa okuphuculweyo kunye unyango.
Ukuphepha Ukugula Ukugula
Akukho zitofu okanye iprophylactics yokugula kwabantu. Indlela yodwa yokuphepha ukusuleleka kukukhusela ukubetha-nangona kunjalo, ukuba uyalunywa, amathuba okusulela isifo asemncinci.
Ukuba uceba ukuhamba kwindawo ephethwe yi-tsetse, qinisekisa ukupakisha iikhati ezinamakhono amade kunye neengubo ezide. Ubunzima bomzimba obuninzi buhle kakhulu, kuba iimpukane zingaluma ngokusebenzisa izinto ezincinci. Amathoni angathathi hlangothi ayabalulekile, njengoko iimpukane zithandwa kwiimbala ezikhanyayo, ezimnyama kunye zetsimbi (kwaye ngokukhethekileyo okwesibhakabhaka - kukho isizathu sokuba iikholeji zihlala zihlala zigqoka ikhaki).
Iintlanzi zeTsetse nazo ziyakhangwa kwiimoto ezihambayo, ngoko qiniseka ukujonga imoto yakho okanye iloli ngaphambi kokuba uqale umqhubi wezemidlalo. Bazikhusele kwihlathi elincinci ngexesha lokutshisa kakhulu iintsuku, ngoko ke ishedyuli yokuhamba i-safaris ngokusa kusasa nakusasa. I-insecte repellent isebenza ngokusemgangathweni ekugwebeni iimpukane. Nangona kunjalo, kukufanelekile ukutshala imali kwiimpahla zokuphatha i-permetrin, kunye neempembelelo ezinezithako ezibandakanya i-DEET, i-Picaridin okanye i-OLE. Qinisekisa ukuba indawo yokulala okanye ihotele yakho inetambo yomsila, okanye ukupakisha enye into ephathekayo esikhwameni sakho.
Ukunyanga Ukugula
Gcina iliso ngaphandle kweempawu ezibhalwe apha ngasentla, nokuba zivela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa emva kokubuya kwindawo ekhuselwe yi-tsetse. Ukuba ukrokra ukuba usulelekile, khangela unyango ngokukhawuleza, uqinisekise ukuba utshele ugqirha wakho ukuba usandul 'ukuchitha ixesha kwilizwe le-tsetse. Amachiza oza kunikelwa axhomekeke kwingcinezelo ye-tsetse, kodwa nakweyiphi na imeko, mhlawumbi kuya kufuneka ukuba uhlolwe iminyaka emibili ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyango luphumelele.
Ubunzima beKontrakthi yokugula
Nangona ubunzima besi sifo, akufanele uvumele ukwesaba ukuthenga isifo sokulala kukuyeka ukuba ufike e-Afrika. Inyani kukuba abavakhenkethi abanokungenwa nentsholongwane, njengokuba abo basemngciphekweni basemaphandleni asekuhlaleni, abazingeli kunye nabalobi abanokuhlala bexesha elide kwiindawo ze-tsetse. Ukuba ukhathazekile, thintela ukuya eRemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC). I-70% yeziganeko zivela apha, kwaye liphela ilizwe elinamaqela amatsha angaphezu kwe-1 ngonyaka.
Iindawo ezivakatyekayo ezihamba phambili njengeMalawi, i-Uganda, iTanzania kunye neZimbabwe zonke zibika ngaphantsi kwama-100 amatyala amatsha ngonyaka. I-Botswana, iKenya, iMozambique, iNamibia kunye neRwanda azizange zixelele naziphi na amatyala amatsha kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-10, ngelixa uMzantsi Afrika uthathwa njengokulala ukugula. Enyanisweni, indawo yokugcina yaseMzantsi Afrika iyona nto ibhetele enkulu kunabo bonke abantu abanenkxalabo malunga nezifo ezithwaliswa zizidumbu, njengoko zikhululekile ne-malaria, i-yellow fever kunye ne-dengue.