Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuya kwiNsuku yangoku
Impucuko yamaMaya yayiyinye yempucuko enkulu ekuphuhliseni iMesoamerica yakudala. Kuphawulwe ngokubhala kwayo ngokubanzi, iinkqubo zeenombolo kunye nekhalenda, kunye nobugcisa obumangalisayo kunye nezokwakha. Inkcubeko yamaMaya ihlala kwimimandla efanayo apho iphulo layo liphuhlisiwe khona, kwinxalenye esemzantsi yeMexico kunye nenxalenye yeCentral America, kwaye kukho izigidi zabantu abathetha ulwimi lweeMeya (apho kukho ezininzi).
AmaMaya aseMandulo
AmaMaya ahlala kwindawo enkulu engasempuma-Mexico kunye namazwe ase-Central America aseGuatemala, eBelize, eHonduras nase-El Salvador. Inkcubeko yaseMeya yaqala ukuphuhliswa kwixesha langaphambili le-Classic, malunga ne-1000 BCE. kwaye yayisekuhlaleni kwayo phakathi kuka-300 no-900 CE. AmaMaya asendulo ayaziwa ngokubhala kwawo, apho inxalenye enkulu enokuyifunda khona ngoku (iyingxenye enkulu yesigxina se-20 lama-Century), kunye neemathematika zabo eziphambili, izibalo zeenkwenkwezi zeenkwenkwezi kunye nekhalenda.
Nangona bekwabelana ngembali efanayo kunye nezinye iimpawu zenkcubeko, inkcubeko yasendulo yamaMaya yayininzi kakhulu, ngenxa yeemeko zendawo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo apho zaphuhliswa khona.
Jonga imephu yendawo yeMaya.
Ukubhala uMaya
AmaMaya acwangcisa inkqubo ebhaliweyo yokubhala eyabhalwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuma-1980. Ngaphambi koko, abaninzi abavubukuli bekholelwa ukuba imibhalo yamaMaya ibhekiselele ngokungqinelana neengqungquthela zeenkcukacha zeenkwenkwezi kunye neenkwenkwezi, ezazisondela kunye neengcamango zokuthi iMeya yayinokuthula, i-stargazers.
Xa i-Mayan glyfu ekugqibeleni yayigqiba kwacaca ukuba amaMaya ayenomdla kwizinto zasemhlabeni njengeminye imiphakathi yaseMesoamerican .
IMathematika, iKhalenda kunye neNzululwazi
AmaMaya aseMandulo basebenzisa inkqubo yesibalo esekelwe kwimiqondiso emithathu kuphela: icwecwe enye, ibha yeetlanu kunye negobolondo eyayimela i-zero.
Ukusebenzisa i-zero kunye neendawo zenkcazelo, bakwazi ukubhalela amaninzi amakhulu kwaye benze imisebenzi ehambelana nemathematika. Baye baqulunqa inkqubo yekhalenda ekhethekileyo apho bakwazi ukubala umjikelezo wenyanga kunye nokuqikelela ukucima kunye nezinye iziganeko zasezulwini ngokuchaneka okukhulu.
Inkolo kunye ne-Mythology
AmaMaya abe nenkolo eyinkimbinkimbi enomdla omkhulu oothixo. Kwiimbono zelizwe laseMeya, indiza esiphila kuyo inqanaba elilodwa lendalo ephakamileyo enezinto eziliqela ezili-13 kunye namazulu angaphantsi kwe-9. Lezi ziza zilawulwa nguthixo othize kwaye zihlala ngabanye. U-Hunab Ku wayengumdali wendalo kunye nabanye oothixo abaninzi babejongene nemikhosi yemvelo, njengeCha, unkulunkulu wezulu.
Abalawuli beMeya babecatshangelwa ukuba bavela kuThixo baze balandelelanise imvelaphi yabo yokuza kubonisa ubungqina babo koothixo. Imikhosi yenkolo yamaMaya yayiquka umdlalo webhola, umnikelo wabantu kunye nemikhosi yokugawula igazi apho abahlonishwayo babetha iilwimi zabo okanye izitho zangasese ukuze baphalaze igazi njengedini kubo oothixo.
Iindawo zeMvulo
Ukuza kwizixeko ezilahliweyo ezikhutshwe ziintlobo phakathi kwehlathi, zabangela ukuba i-archaeologists yokuqala kunye nabahlolisisi bazibuze ukuba ngubani na owakhiwe ezi zixeko ezikhethileyo kuphela ukuba azilahle?
Abanye babecinga ukuba amaRoma okanye amaFenike ayenembopheleleko yalezi zakhiwo ezintle; kwiimeko zabo zobuhlanga, kwakunzima ukukholelwa ukuba abantu baseMexico naseMentral America babe noxanduva lobunjineli obunjengobuchule, ubugcisa kunye nobugcisa.
Funda malunga neendawo zakudala zePeninsula yaseYucatan .
I-Collapse of Maya Impucuko
Kukho ncamango enkulu malunga nokuhla kweedolophu zaseMaya zasendulo. Zininzi iingcamango eziye zafakwa phambili, ezivela kwiintlekele zemvelo (ubhubhane, inyikima, inkomfa) kwimfazwe. Abaphengululi be-Archaeologists namhlanje bakholelwa ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezazisa ukuwa kwegunya lamaMaya, mhlawumbi laziswa ngumonakalo omkhulu kunye nokukhungulwa kwamahlathi.
Inkcubeko yamaMaya yanamhlanje
AmaMaya awayekanga ukuphela xa imizi yabo yasendulo yahla.
Bahlala namhlanje kwimimandla efanayo noobawo ababehlala kuyo. Nangona inkcubeko yabo yatshintshile ngokwexesha, iiMeya ezininzi zigcina ulwimi kunye nezithethe zabo. Kukho iintetho ezingaphezu kwe-750,000 zeelwimi zesiMeya ezihlala eMexico namhlanje (ngokwe-INEGI) kunye nezinye ezininzi eGuatemala, eHonduras nase-El Salvador. Inkokeli yamaMaya yanamhlanje ingumxube wamaKatolika kunye neenkolelo zamandulo kunye nemasiko. Ezinye iLacandon Maya zisaphila ngendlela yendabuko kwintlango yaseLacandon yaseChiapas .
Funda kabanzi malunga neMaya
UMichael D. Coe ubhale ezinye iincwadi ezinomdla ngokuphathelele amaMaya ukuba ungathanda ukufunda ngokubanzi ngale nkcubeko emangalisayo.
- AmaMaya anikezela ngokubanzi ukuphuhliswa kwempucuko yeMeya ukususela kumaxesha okuqala.
- Ukuphula uMthetho weMaya unikeza imbono yangaphakathi ekufundweni kokubhala kwamaMaya kunye nendlela ekugqitywa ngayo.