Indlela kunye Nokuba Kutheni I-Silk Road yavulwa kwiTshayina yakudala
Ndifuna ukuphawula ekuqaleni kwesi nqaku ukuba umthombo wale nkcazelo nguPeter Hopkirk ogqwesileyo weZizwe eziPhandle kwiSalk Road echaza imbali yeNdlela yeSilikhi kunye nokufundwa kwezinto zakudala (kunye nokuphangwa kwimihlaba yamandulo) kunye neendlela zakudala zorhweba ngabalinganisi beNtshona Koloni bokuqala. Ndiyitshintshe abantu kunye nokubeka amagama kwifom yangoku yamkelwa yothando (Hanyu Pinyin).
Intshayelelo
Ndifuna kwakhona ukucacisa ukuba kubaluleke ntoni ukuba iindwendwe ziseTshayina, ngokukodwa kwintshonalanga - imimandla esuka kwiPhondo leShaxi kwiPhondo le-Xinjiang, ukuqonda eli bali. Nabani na ohamba ngasentshonalanga ye-China ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokuthe ngqo, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, kwindlela ye-Silk Road. Zifumene e-Xi'an kwaye umi kwi-capital yase-Chang'an yamandulo, ikhaya le-Han Dynasty capital apho iinduna zabo zijongene nokuvulwa kweendlela zakudala zorhwebo kunye nekhaya kwiTang Dynasty " "urhweba, ukuhamba kunye nokutshintshwa kweenkcubeko kunye neengcamango eziphuculweyo. Ukuya kwiindawo zakudala zaseMgao e-Dunhuang kwaye uhlola idolophu yase-oasis yakudala eyayingenazo kuphela umsebenzi wokuhweba kodwa kunye noluntu olukhulayo lwamaBuddha. Hamba kude nakwintshona ukusuka eDunhuang kwaye uya kudlulela iYumenguan (玉门关), isango likaJade, isango ngalinye lakwaSilk Road umhambi lalifuneka lihambe ngendlela yakhe entshonalanga okanye empuma .
Ukuqonda imbali yendlela ye-Silk ingumnqweno kwizinto zokuzonwabisa zemihla ngemihla. Kutheni kukho konke oku apha? Kwaba njani? Iqala ngoH Han Dynasty uMperor Wudi kunye nomthunywa wakhe uZhang Qian.
Iingxaki zeHan Dynasty
Ngethuba le-Han Dynasty, iintshaba zalo zintlanga zakwa-Xiongnu zihlala ngasentla kumntla weHan ogama lakhe linguChaangan (namhlanje i-Xi'an).
Bahlala kwinto eyiMongolia kwaye baqala ukuhlasela isiTshayina ngexesha leMfazwe yeeMfazwe (476-206BC) ebangela umbusi wokuqala wokuqala u-Qin Huangdi (weTerotyotta Warrior Fame) ukuba aqale ukuhlanganiswa kweyona nto ngoku eyiNkundla enkulu. U-Han waphinde waqinisa kwaye walula udonga.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezinye iimithombo zithi i-Xiongnu zicingelwa ukuba ziyimphambili ye-Huns - i-Europe eYurophu-kodwa ayikho into ecacileyo. Nangona kunjalo, isikhokelo sethu sendawo eLanzhou sathetha ngoxhumano kwaye sabiza i-Xiongnu yakudala "i-Hun People".
I-Wudi Seeks Alliance
Ukuhlawulela ukuhlaselwa, uMlawuli Wudi wathumela uZhang Qian ukuya entshonalanga ukuba afune ukusebenzisana nabantu ababethatywe yiThuongnu kwaye baxoshwa ngaphaya kweDangatrakan Desert. Aba bantu babizwa ngokuba nguYuezhi.
I-Zhang Qian yahamba ngo-138BC kunye ne-caravan yamadoda angama-100 kodwa yabanjwa yi-Xiongnu kwi-Gansu yanamhlanje kwaye yabanjwa iminyaka eyi-10. Ekugqibeleni waphunyuka kunye namadoda ambalwa waza waya kwinqanaba laseYuezhi ukuba ahlale phantsi njengoko uYuezhi wayehleli ngokuvuya kwaye akafuni ukuba yinxalenye yokuziphindezela kwi-Xiongnu.
UZhang Qian wabuyela eWudi kunye nomnye wabahlobo bakhe bangama-100 kodwa wayehlonishwa ngu-emperor nenkundla ngenxa yakhe 1) kubuya, 2) i-intelligence yoluntu ayeyibuthile kunye no-3) izipho awabuyiselayo (wathengisa isilikhi kumaChian ngaloo ndlela iqanda leenciniba liqala ukugqithisa i-silk eRoma kwaye "liyithokozisa inkundla" ngeqanda elikhulu kangaka !!)
Iziphumo ze-Intelligence Intelligence Gathering yeZhang Qian
Ngendlela yohambo lwakhe, uZhang Qian wazisa iChina ukuba kukho ezinye izikumkani ukuya entshona apho zazingekade zikwazi. Ezi ziquka ubukumkani bukaFergana abo amahashe eHan China aya kufuna kwaye ekugqibeleni aphumelele ekufumaneni iSamarkand, eBokhara, eBalkh, ePersia naseLi-Jian (iRoma).
UZhang Qian waphinda wachaza "amahashe asezulwini" kaFergana. UWudi, ukuqonda umkhosi wemfuyo yokuba nezilwanyana ezinjalo kwiihashe zakhe zithumele amaqela amaninzi kuFergana ukuba athenge / athathe amahashe eChina.
Ukubaluleka okugqithiseleyo kwehashe kwadibanisa kwi-Han Dynasty ubugcisa njengoko kubonakala kwiFree Horse yeGansu (ngoku ibonakaliswe kuMboniso wePhondo waseGansu ).
I-Silk Road ivula
Ukususela kwixesha likaWudi phambili, iindawo zaseTshayina ezizondayo kunye nezokhusekileyo kwimimandla yasentshonalanga zokuthengisa izinto ngeentlanga zentshona.
Zonke izorhwebo zahamba ngeHan-eyakhiwe yiYumenguan (玉门关), okanye isango likaJade. Bafaka iidolophini kwiidolophu ezisemaphandleni kunye neenkampu zeenkamela kunye nabathengisi baqala ukuthatha i-silika, i-ceramics, kunye ne-furs entshonalanga ngaphaya kweDangla yaseTatlamakan kwaye ekugqibeleni baya eYurophu ngelixa igolide, uboya, ilinen kunye namatye anqabileyo beya empuma kwiChina. Ngokuqinisekileyo enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo zokungeniswa kwiSilk Road yayinguBuddha njengoko isasazeka ngeChina ngale ndlela ebalulekileyo.
Kwakungekho enye i-Silk Road - ibinzana libhekiselele kwiindlela ezininzi ezilandele iidolophu ze-oasis kunye neenqwelo zokuhamba ngaphaya kweSango leJade kwaye ngasenyakatho nakumzantsi malunga neTatlamakan. Kwakukho iindlela ze-offshoot ezithatha urhwebo eBhalkh (e-Afghanistan namhlanje) kunye neBombay nge-Karakoram Pass.
Kwiminyaka eyi-1,500 ezayo, kude kubekho abalawuli bama-Ming bavale bonke abaqhagamshelana nabangaphandle, iSilik Road yayiza kubona iphakame kwaye ibonakale ibaluleke njengokuba amandla aseShayina agxininiswe kwaye aphelelwe amandla kwaye amandla angasentshonalanga ayifumana okanye ancedise ngamandla. Ngokuqhelekileyo kucatshangelwa ukuba i-Tang Dynasty (618-907AD) yabona ubude begolide kunye nolwazi lokuhwebelana ngeSelk Road.
I-Zhang Qian ithathwa yiNkundla ye-Han njenge-Great Traveler kwaye ingabizwa ngokuba nguYise weNdlela yeSilik.