Isikhumbuzi Esisisindisayo see-1970 zeKhmer Rouge Misrule
Qaphela ukuba ugqirha ugqithiselwe isigqibo esisodwa. Ingumxholo ophindaphindiweyo kwimbali, kodwa thina njengezilwanyana sibonakala sihlaselwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo phantsi kokuthandwa nguHitler, uStalin, uPol Pot ... nabanye ngokuqinisekileyo balinde ngamaphiko.
Imiphumo yePol Pot's "Zero Year" - inkolelo yakhe engaqinisekiyo yokuba iKambodia ("Kampuchea") yayifanele ihlambuluke kwii-royalists, iingqondo kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo - ziyakubonakala kwithuba lemini, zivakatye i-Phnom Penh iTuol Sleng Genocide Museum kunye Iingqungquthela zaseKhoeung Ek zokubulala .
"I-Cambodia inomlando osandul 'utshabalalo wokutshabalalisa, okwenzeka ngowe-1975 ukuya ku -79 kwaye usasaza ilizwe namhlanje kumanqanaba amaninzi ahlukeneyo," kuchaza uJennifer Ryder Joslin, i-expat eseFnom Penh kunye nombhali-mbambano (kunye nomlingani uStevo) Ibhulogi yeebini Iingatyelelo. "I-Tuol Sleng Museum yase-Phnom Penh yindawo ebalulekileyo yokutyelela ukuqonda ngokucacileyo oko abantu baseCambodia baye bahlala khona."
Ukuya Ebumnyameni: U- Tuol Sleng uyimpawu ebomvu yokutyelela e-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, kodwa akuyena kuphela. Funda ngamanye amabala omnyama okhenketho kummandla .
Isikolo, ngoko ke iTampu yokuThuthukiswa, ngoko iSikhumbuzo soKhuselo
U-Tuol Sleng nguye owayengumkhonkco waseKhmer Rouge kunye neenkampu. Namhlanje ingumyuziyam, isikhumbuzo esibuhlungu seentsuku zobumnyama bolawulo lukaKhmer Rouge.
Kwakuye nje iTyol Svay iProducty High School , phambi kokuba izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zihlanjelwe indima yazo entsha ngo-1975. Inkathazo yabizwa ngokuba yiNtolongo yoKhuseleko 21 (i-S-21), ucingo olubhaliweyo lwongezwa kumjikelezo, kwaye iifestile zazinqandwa ngesinyithi imivalo.
Izakhiwo ezine ezisisiseko kwiTuol Sleng zimi ngeenxa zonke zamagceke ezinokuthi zibe yindawo yokudlala yesikolo ngaphambi kokuba utshintshe.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-A kwakukho indawo yokubandezeleka eTuol Sleng; I-Khmer Rouge yenze umsebenzi wayo ophazamisayo apha kude kube ngumzuzu wokugqibela, wabulala amaxhoba okugqibela ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweVietnam ngoJanuwari 1979.
Ama-14 amaxhoba okugqibela ancwatyelwa kwisalathisi ngaphandle kweZakhiwo ze-A; uya kuvela kumangcwaba ngaphambi kokungena.
Ukwakhiwa kweB b kwakuqulethe iiseli zamabanjwa, kwaye ngoku ihlala igalari yezithombe zamabanjwa abaye bafotshwa njengoko bevunyelwe kwisakhiwo. I Khmer Rouge igcine iirekhodi ezigciniweyo zamabanjwa; iifoto zabo ezinobungozi ziyabonakala apha ngobuninzi, amehlo abo abuhlungu ekhangele kuwe njengokungcikiva ngokuphila.
Ukwakhiwa kweC usebenze njengeenqanawa zasejele zaseTuol Sleng. Umgangatho ongaphantsi wawuhlala kwiiseli ezincinci, ngasinye sibambelele entolongweni enye. Abasetyhini babevalelwe kumgangatho wesibini. Umgangatho wesithathu uninzi iisensi zeentolongo, zibambe amaqela amaninzi eboshwe kwiintsimbi zensimbi ende.
Ngaphandle kwesi sakhiwo umi "umthi" entendelezweni, esetyenziswe ngabathuthuli beKhmer Rouge ukunyanzelisa abathunjwa uhlobo oluthethekileyo lwamanzi.
Ukwakha D izindlu zeCambodia zengqungquthela yezinto ezibuhlungu ezenziwa ngu-Vann Nath, ezidalwe kwisandla sokuqala sokukhunjulwa kwezinto zokuphila (njengokuba kunjalo) ngaphakathi kweTuol Sleng. UVann Nath wayengomnye wabasindileyo abasinda eTuol Sleng, abagcinwa ngokuba "luncedo". Funda i-biography yakhe kwisikhumbuzo esibizwa ngegama lakhe.
Ikoyikisayo yeTuol Sleng
"U-Tuol Sleng ukhangele intliziyo ekhangelelene nezigidi zabantu baseCambodia abajongene phantsi kolawulo lweKhmer Rouge," kuchaza uJennifer Ryder Joslin. "Kuyinto eyoyikisayo ukubona oko abantu abanako ukwenza omnye komnye phezu kweengcamango, kodwa kubalulekile ukubona ukuze imbali ingabi libala okanye ayiphindaphindiwe."
Ukufaneleka ukutsho, ngemini emini eTuol Sleng kuza kukushiya uncumo kakhulu, kakhulu, unzima kakhulu.
Ingqiqo ekhohlakeleyo yaseKhmer Rouge ibeka ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha zazo. Iifolongo zafotshwa kwaye zaphenywa kwiinkcukacha zabo zobomi ngaphambi kokuba ziboshwe kwiiseli zazo. Le ngqokelela yolwazi edibeneyo kodwa edibeneyo idluliselwa kwindwendwe, igumbi emva kwegumbi elipheleleyo lezithombe zamadoda adibeneyo, amabhinqa nabantwana, umboniso wabangama-20,000 abathinjwa abafika eTuol Sleng.
Amaxhoba amaninzi aseTuol Sleng
Amabanjwa ayexakeke kakhulu eCambodia, nangona intolongo yabona isabelo sawo saseMerika, iBritish kunye neAustralia. Iingcamango eziphosakeleyo zeKhmer Rouge zithetha ukuba umntu onemfundo, nabani na ongekho ukusuka apho, nokuba nabani na obenxibe iziglasi babezibhankqalaza, kwaye (kwaye bahlala benoku) baphela ukukhala kwabo eTuol Sleng.
Uza kubona kwakhona igumbi lokuhlushwa, lishiye phantse kwimeko efanayo njengoko bafunyanwa ngabahlaseli baseVietnam ababetha iKhmer Rouge ngo-1979. Izixhobo zokuxhatshazwa nazo zikhoyo, ngeenkcazo ezicacileyo malunga nendlela ezazisetyenziswa ngayo.
Isiphumo sokuphela kwezi zixhobo sele sisekufuphi - iimeko zeengxabano ezise-S-21 amaxhoba ahluphekileyo. (Ukukhanga kweTuol Sleng ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, "ibalazwe legazi" laseCambodia kwi-300-plus gakulls, lachithwa ngo-2002.)
Choeung Ek: iindawo zokubulala
Ukutyelela "emasimini okubulala" ngaphandle kwePnom Penh igqiba umfanekiso ogqithisayo. I-Choeung Ek idla ngokubambisana kunye neTuol Sleng kwiindwendwe ezininzi-unokutyelela indawo ngaphandle kokubona enye, kodwa ayizivumi ukuphuma kwindawo apho amabanjwa amaninzi aseTuol Sleng achitha ixesha lawo lokugqibela.
"Iingxowa zokubulala" kwakuyiyunithi yokulahlwa kwezigidi zeKhmer Rouge okanye ngoko kungathandeki. I-Choeung Ek yayiyeyona ndawo yokugqibela yintolongo yeTuol Sleng; malunga nama-9,000 amaqumrhu ahlala emangcwabeni amaninzi e-Choeung Ek.
I-stupa yaseBuddhist ngoku iyakhwela ngaphezu kweCoeung Ek, isiseko sayo se-acrylic esinezixhobo ezizaliswe ngabantu abangaba ngu-5 000, abahlala ejele. Amagqabha amaninzi aphethe iimpawu zokubulala ukubulala - ukugcina kwiibhola, ababulali baseChoeung Ek basebenzisa iipikethi okanye iinqwelo zeenqwelo zokuqhuba amaxhoba abo.
Iingcebiso zoTyelelo lweTuol Sleng
Ukufikelela eTuol Sleng. I-S-21 i-Tuol Svay inqwelwana yesithili esinqununu, malunga neekhilomitha ezili-11 kumzantsi we-phnom Penh. (Indawo kwiGoogle Maps)
"U-Tuol Sleng ufikeleleka ngokulula ngo-tuk tuk okanye ngesithuthuthu," u-Ryder Joslin usixelela. "Kukho iibhasi zezokhenketho ezihamba ngqo kwiimyuziyam, nangona ezi ziyimfuneko okanye zingenconywa njengoko ungahamba kwaye uqeshe isikhokelo kwisayithi ukuba ungathanda." ( Funda malunga ne-tuk-tuks eCambodia .)
Ukuhamba nini. Cinga ngemozulu yaseCambodia xa uceba uhambo oluya eTuol Sleng. "Hamba kusasa okanye emva kwemini ukuze uphephe inxalenye eshushu kakhulu yosuku njengoko kungekho moya apho," ucebisa uRyder Joslin.
Izikhokelo e-Tuol Sleng zikhethiweyo, kodwa engqondweni yam, iyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo. U-Tuol Sleng ukhululekile kakhulu, kwaye uya kufuna umntu ukuba afake konke ukufa kunye nentlungu kumongo. Izikhokelo zibiza indleko engaphezulu kwe-USD $ 6 ngaphezulu kwe-USD $ 2 yentlawulo yokungena yeTuol Sleng. (Funda ngemali eCambodia.)
Thatha itye. "Thatha ixesha lakho njengoko uhamba kwiimyuziyam ukuba uzive kwaye uzilalele kwaye ulila, nantoni na kufuneka uyenze," kuchaza uRyder Joslin. "Yilo lizwe elinzima kakhulu, kodwa omnye uya kuvuya ukuba ufanele uqonde kangcono iKambodia nokuba yiyintoni abantu kunye neentsapho zabo."
Sinombulelo oluninzi kuJennifer Ryder Joslin ngeenjongo zakhe ezibalulekileyo. Ndenze ngomelele kwaye ndwendwela ibhulogi yakhe yokuhamba ngeebini Iingatyelelo, okanye khangela iphepha le-blog le-Facebook.