Ubume beNtlekele zeNdalo ePeru

Iindidi ezinobungozi zemvelo zenzeka ePeru, ezinye zazo zilinganiselwe kuphela kwiindawo ezintathu zelizwe zasePeru xa ezinye zivela kulo lonke ilizwe. Ummandla we-Andean, ngokukodwa, uthi u-Anthony Oliver-Smith kwi -Angry Earth , "isoloko ibe yindawo enobungozi kakhulu emhlabeni."

Kwabaninzi abahambi, ezi nengozi akunakwenzeka ukuba zibangele naziphi na iingxaki ezinzulu. Unokuhlangabezana nokulibaziseka kokuhamba okubangelwa zizikhukhula kunye nokuhamba komhlaba - ingakumbi ukuba uhamba ngePeru ngebhasi - kodwa umngcipheko wokulimala okanye ukugqithiseleyo kukuncinci.

Kodwa ke, ngamanye amaxesha, inkohlakalo enkulu ingakhokelela ekuphazanyisweni okukhulu kwaye, kwiimeko ezibi kakhulu, ukulahleka kobomi - imeko engadluliselwa kwiimeko zasePeru njengelizwe elikhulayo. Ngokutsho kwe-Young neLeón kwiIzingozi zeNdalo ePeru , "Ukuxhatshazwa kwePeru kwingozi zezinto zemvelo kuphakanyiswa yintlupheko kunye nokunqanyulwa phakathi kwento inzululwazi engakwazi ukuyenza okanye ukuba abantu baya kwenza ntoni."

Ezi zingozi zilandelayo zizona ziqhelekileyo ePeru kwaye zixhomekeke kwi-climatology okanye geology. Zininzi zenzeke eceleni okanye kungekudala emva kwenye ingozi ehambelana nayo, njengokwenyikima ekhokelela kwinqaku leentlobo zomhlaba.

• 01 ngo 07

  Ukuzamazama komhlaba

  I-Peru ixhomekeka kakhulu kwiityikitya , inyaniso ibonakaliswa nenani leempawu ezichaza " iZona Segura en Casos de Sismos " ("Indawo ekhuselekileyo kwiimeko zokuzamazama komhlaba"). Eli lizwe lihlala lifumana ama-quakes angama-200 ngonyaka, kunye nesigxininiso esisodwa esenzeka kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwimithandathu. Iigubhu ezinkulu kwiiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo ziquka ukuzamazama kwe-1970 kwimimandla enxweme enyakatho-ntshona kunye ne-Andean yasePeru (ukubulala abantu abangama-70,000 basePeruvia), ukuzamazama kwe-Alto Mayo ka-1990 kunye nenyikima eyenza iPisco ngo-2007.

• 02 we-07

  Ukuhlambalaza kunye neAvalanches

  Iintsikelelo ezincinane zenzeka rhoqo ePeru, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni nakwiindawo ezihlala ehlathini ngexesha lezimvula, ngokukhawuleza ukuvimba iindlela kunye nokubambezeleka kokuhamba kweendlela. Zininzi zezi zinto zibangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu, njengokwakhiwa kweendlela ngokwazo. Ukuqhelana kwemvelo ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa yi-gravity, kodwa izinto ezifana nokuzinza kwe-slope nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Iingqungquthela ezibini ezonakalisa iindawo zasemhlabeni kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo ziyimiphumo ye-avalanche evela eNevado Huascarán, intaba ephakamileyo ePeru . Ngowe-1962, i-ice glace yaqhawula intaba, ithwele imxube ebulalayo. Amadolophu amancinci amancinci angcwatywe kwaye abantu abangaphezu kwe-4 000 babulawa. Iyesibini iHuascarán avalanche yabangela ukuzamazama komhlaba okwakubangelwa ngu-1970, okwenza ibhola leqhwa lihlukane phakathi kwentaba, eyayikungcwaba inkunzi yephondo yaseYungay.

• 03 we-07

  Umkhukula

  Umkhukula uvela rhoqo ePeru, ngokukodwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nasehlathini. Ezinye iidolophu, ezifana neTingo Maria kwindawo ephakamileyo ye-Huánuco, zifumana umkhukula omkhulu wemlambo iminyaka emininzi (ebangelwa yimvula ephezulu). Ummandla waseCusco uye wafumana ezinye izikhukhula ezininzi kwiminyaka yamuva. Ngo-2010, ama-mudslides kunye namanzi okukhukula ajikeleza iindlela kunye neendlela zokuqeqesha, zachitha imizi eqikelelweyo engama-2 000, zithi bangama-20 ubomi kwaye bashiya abavakhenkethi bajikeleze kuloo ndawo. Olunye uhlobo olunobungozi lwezikhukhula luvela kumachibi e-glacial kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zase-Andean. La malambi angakhawuleziyo abangela ukukhukhula kwamanzi, awathathe amawaka abantu ubomi kwiminyaka eyi-100 edluleyo.

• 04 we-07

  IiTsunami

  Ininzi yama-tsunami ahlasele ummandla wasePeru ngeli minyaka engama-400 edluleyo. Ezi tsunami zibangelwa ngumsebenzi wesistim ehambelana nomsele wasePeru-Chile, oqhelekileyo malunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 ukusuka kolwandle lwasePeru, apho iPlatta yeNazca iyancitshiswa phantsi kweSouth America Plate. Iinkcukacha ziyanqongophala kwezona zininzi ze-tsunami ezirekhodiweyo, kodwa ezo zi-1586, 1604, 1687 kunye no-1746 zikholelwa ukuba ziye zonakalisa ngokutsha, ziqulunqa iindawo zokuhlala ezikulo lonxweme lwasePeruvia. I-tsunami enkulu yokugqibela eyenzeka ngo-2001 emva kokuzamazama komhlaba kwe-8.4 eningizimu ePeru. I-tsunami ithatha ubomi bemi-26 yabantu.

• 05 we-07

  Ukuphuphuma kwevolcanic

  I-Peru yaseMzantsi Peru yindawo yokusebenza kwe-volcanic. Inani leentaba-mlilo, njengeSabancaya kunye ne-El Misti, zibhekwa njengengozi kwaye zihlala ziphantsi kokuqwalaselwa rhoqo. Ngokubanzi, ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic akuyiyo ingozi. Ngokomlando, nangona kunjalo, i-Peru ibanga enye yeempembelelo ezonakalisayo kwiirekhodi. Ngo-1600, uHuaynaputina waqhuma ngamandla, wabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-1,500 asePeruvia. Ukufa kwendawo yangaphandle kwakungekho nto efaniswa nentlekele yehlabathi ebangelwa ukuqhuma. Izazi zeGoodologist ezivela kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia zikholelwa ukuba ubuninzi beengqungquthela ezikhishwe emoyeni zatshintshile imozulu yemozulu, eyona nto ibangelwa kakhulu kwiRashiya iNdlala-isiganeko esabulala izigidi ezimbini zaseRussia.

• 06 we-07

  El Niño

  I-El Niño iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye isingaqondi ngokucacileyo ukushisa kwamaqondo okushisa okwenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kweyisixhenxe. Ngexesha lomcimbi we-El Niño, "ubudlelwane bomzimba phakathi komoya, ulwandle lwamanzi, ukushisa kwe-ocean kunye ne-atmospheric temperatures kunye ne-biosphere ziwela kwiipatheni eziwonakalisayo" (Earth Observatory; "Yintoni i-El Niño?"). E-Peru, oku kubangela ukuba iipateni zezulu ziphazamise kwaye zilimaze. Imvula enkulu iwela kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo ezinxweme ezingenamanzi, ezikhokelela kwizikhukhula kunye neziganeko ezinxulumene nazo. Ngelo xesha, iziqithi ziyakwazi ukufumana isomiso esinobunzima. I-El Niño ka-1997-1998 - eyona nto imbi kakhulu kwimbali yamva-inokuxhatshazwa ngabantu abangama-600,000, kuquka namakhulu abantu ababulalayo, amakhaya angama-40,500 awonakaliswe okanye atshabalalise kwaye ahlambuluke amawaka eekhilomitha zeendlela kunye namabriddo.

• 07 we-07

  Izifo

  Izifo zahluke kwezinye izingozi zendalo ngenxa yokuba ayixhomekeke ngokusemgangathweni yendalo. Izenzo zoluntu, ezifana nokuhlala kwimizi kunye nokuhlanjululwa kococeko, zidlala indima enkulu ekuqalekeni kwezifo okanye izifo zesifo. Abahambi kufuneka bafumane zonke iimponsi ezifunekayo ePeru ngaphambi kokuba bahambe. Ezinye izifo ezinobungozi, ezifana ne-malaria kunye ne-dengue fever, azinaso izitofu. Kule meko, ukugwema ukulunywa kwimiyane kuyindlela ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela.

  > Iingcaciso:

  • > "Izingozi zeNdalo ePeru: I-Causation ne-Vulnerability" - uKenneth R. Young noBlanca León
  • > "IPeru: IiNtlekele zeNdalo kunye nefuthe labo" - Izifundo zelizwe
  • > "IPeru: Ilizwe le-Andean elinenkcenkcesha ebalulekileyo kunye neengxaki zokuLawula ngokukhawuleza" - uHeriberto Urby Jr., uDavid A. McEntire no-Ekong J. Peters
  • > Umhlaba onomsindo: Intlekele ekubhekiseleleni kwi-Anthropological - U-Anthony Oliver-Smith noSusanna M. Hoffman