Mhlawumbi Sikhohlwa: I-Pearl Harbour - Disemba 7, 1941

01 ngo 08

Ukuqala kweMfazwe - iSicwangciso soMfazwe sigqityiwe

Ukuqubuka kwemfazwe phakathi kweUnited States neJapan ngoDisemba 7, 1941, kwakukho iindlela ezininzi ezingenakukuphepha. I-oil embargo kunye nokuqhwaba kweempahla zaseJapan ehlobo le-1941 kwakuyimigaqo ye-United States yangaphandle yomgaqo-nkqubo wokuchasana nokuxhatshazwa kweJapan nase-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia.

Umgaqo-nkqubo waseJapan wawungenye yezinto ezingekho phantsi kwemeko. Isidingo sokongezwa kwezibonelelo ezongezelelweyo saba yinto ephambili.

Kwakuba sele kufikeleleke ukuba kubekho ukuphela kwesiganeko ngaphambi kokuba imfazwe iphela, kodwa ihlobo kunye nokuwa kwe-1941 kwakudingeka ngamacala omabini ukuba alungiselele ukukhuseleka.

Urhulumente ohlala eJapan wayenethemba lokusombulula uxolo. Amachiza ayedinga ixesha lokucwangcisa isicwangciso sabo. I-United States nayo yayidinga ixesha lokulungiselela imfazwe ephambili kwikhaya kunye nokuqinisa umkhosi wayo nemikhosi yamanxweme ePacific.

Xa uGeneral Hiddeki Tojo wamiselwa njengeNdunankulu yaseJapan phakathi no-Oktobha 1941, nayiphi na ithuba lokusombulula uxolo luphelile. Ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, i-Army yaseJapan ne-Navy yagqiba "iSivumelwano esiPhakathi" esichaza isicwangciso sokunqoba.

Inxalenye enqununu yeso sikimu yayiquka ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-United States Pacific Fleet esekelwe ePearl Harbor. Isicwangciso semfazwe sazaliswa.

02 ngo 08

Ngaba iiNkokeli zaseMerika zaziqaphela ukuhlaselwa kwangaphambili?

Nangona imbali ingatshintshi kukho ukungabi nasivumelwane ngabagcini-zembali beenkcukacha ezichanekileyo zeziganeko ezininzi eziphambili. Izazi-mlando ziza kugxeka ngokukhawuleza malunga nokuba ulwazi njani urhulumente wase-US ngokuhlasela okuzayo. Kukho ukucinga okuqinileyo ukuba iinkokheli zethu zazizi kakuhle ukuhlaselwa kwangaphambili kwaye azizange zithintele. Ngaba ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor kwakungekho nto, ingqondo yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko kungenzeka ukuba ayizange ivumele ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwimfazwe kwaze kwaba sekude.

Ininzi yembali isekelwe kwimbono yomntu, kwaye ixhomekeka kwisiphumo somcimbi. Abaninzi bethu bekhulile befundiswa ukuba ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour kwaba "ukuhlaselwa ngokukrakra" kwintlanga engalindelekanga. Zingaphi izihlandlo sonke sasiva loo mazwi kwiNtetho yePearl Harbor yaseFranklin D. Roosevelt echaza iDisemba 7, 1941 "njengomhla oya kuphila kwi-infamy"?

Enyanisweni, ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour kwakuyicebo elicwangcisiweyo kwaye lihlelwe kakuhle, eliqulunqwe ngu-Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, uMlawuli oyiNtloko yeenqwelo zeJapan ezidibeneyo. Ukungaphumeleli kwakungekho kwisicwangciso okanye ukuphunyezwa kokuhlaselwa. Ukungaphumeleli kwintetho yabasemagunyeni aseJapan ukuqonda ukuba ukuhlaselwa okunjalo, ngelixa linikeza ukunqoba okukhulu, kwakuya kubumbana kunye nokuvuselela isizwe baze bavuselele isigqibo sabo, ukuba ukulwa kweJapan kwakungenakukhunjulwa njengoko imfazwe ngokwayo . Nangona amaJapane, nangona kunjalo, aphumelele imfazwe, ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor kwakuza kubonwa ngokukhanya okukhulu.

03 we-08

Tora! Tora! Tora! - I-Japanese Navy ihlasela i-US Bases eHawaii

Umxholo wenkqutyana eyongezelelweyo ye-Honolulu Star-Bulletin ngoDisemba 7, 1941 yacaca. "Imfazwe! I-Oahu ibhankelwe ngamaplanti aseJapan".

Nge-6: 00 ngehora laseHawaii, izithuthi zaseJapan ezikude malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-200 kumntla we-Oaahu zaqala ukuqala ukutshatyalaliswa kokuqala kokuhlaselwa. Le ngqungquthela yayineenqwelo-moya eziyi-183 ezibandakanya i-dive-bombers, torpedo bombers kunye nabaphangi. Ukusebenzisa isiteshi somsakazo sase-Honolulu ukuya ekhaya kwiithagethi zabo, iiplani zaseJapan zihamba kwisiqithi. Kwiinqununu eziyisithupha ze-Army-search radar kwi-O`ahu, enye kuphela eyenzayo ekuseni kaDisemba 7, 1941. Nangona bekubona iiplani ezingenayo, akukho nto ingqwalasela eyanikezelwa ngabaphathi babo ukuba oko kwakuyiqela lokuhlasela elikhawulezayo kubo .

Nge-7: 40 ekuseni, ekuboneni umda we-Oaahu, isangqa sokuqala samadiza aseJapan sathatha ukuhlaselwa kwawo kwaye saqhubela phambili kwiinjongo zabo. Kwaku malunga no-7: 53 ummandisi uMitsuo Fuchida wacebisa umphathi we-US Pacific Fleet wathatyathwa ngokumangalisa. Isigijimi sakhe senziwe ngegama elinye, phinda kathathu, " Tora! Tora! Tora! " ("Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!"). Ngalesi sikhathi ukutshatyalaliswa okwesibini sele kusele kwinqanaba lokufikelela kwiinjongo zabo.

Ukuhlaselwa ngaloo ntsasa kwakuyiFree Island, ii-Airfield eH Wheeler, eHickam, Ewa naseKaneohe, kwaye kamva iBellows Field. Kwimizuzu emininzi yamabutho aseMelika, amabhomu kunye neenqwelo zokujikeleza zatshatyalaliswa okanye zonakaliswe. Nawaphi na amathuba okuchaswa apheliswe.

04 we-08

I-Battle Row Row ihlaselwa - US Pacific Fleet ePearl Harbour yachithwa

Ngenkcaso yomoya yapheliswa, kwakukho indlela ecacileyo ekujoliswe kuyo ephambili, i-US Pacific Fleet ihambele ePearl Harbor. Sinike iMephu yeZithuba zeMikhumbi ngomhla kaDisemba wesi-7, 1941 ukwenzela ukuba uyifumene.

Njengoko kuboniswe kwingqalelo yabo kwi-Pearl Harbour kwi-History Place: "AmaMerika athatyiswa ngokukhathalayo. Uhlaselo lokuqala lokuqala lujolise kwiimimoya zomoya kunye neenqwelo zokulwa. Phakathi kweenqanawa zase-US, iinqwelo zokulwa ezili-8 zonakaliswe, zinezihluma ezinhlanu, abatsha abahamba phambili abathathu, abatshabalalisi abathathu kunye neentambo ezincinci ezintathu zilahleka kunye neenqwelo ezi-188. AmaJapan alahlekelwa iiplani ezili-27 kunye neendlela ezinqamlezileyo ezinamahlanu ezizama ukungena kwi-port and launch torpedoes.

I-USS Arizona ibhotile emva kokuba ibhobho ingena kwigalelo eliphambili elidala ukuqhuma okukhulu nokubulala amadoda angama-1,104.

Ukukhusela umonakalo ekuhlaselweni yizinto eziphambili kwiithagethi, ii-US Pacific Fleet zithuthi, iLexington, i-Enterprise ne-Saratoga ezazingekho kwichweba. Kwakhona ukuphunya umonakalo yilezi zixhobo zomoya.

Uluhlu lwabantu ababulalayo lubandakanya abantu abangama-2,335 nabasetyhini abangama-68 ababuleweyo, kwaye i-1,178 yalimala. Kuquka amadoda angama-1,104 angena e-USS Arizona battleship kubulawe emva kwebhomu ye-bhilidi ye-bhiliyoni eyi-1,760 yangena kumagazini ohamba phambili obangela ukuqhuma kwintlekele. "

05 ka 08

Emva - Umthetho Wamarha wamemezela kwaye uMkhosi uthatha uRhulumente waseHawaii

Kungekudala emva kokuhlaselwa kunye nokulindela ukufika kweJapan kwiHawaii, amabutho aseMkhosini athatha isikhundla kwienxa zonke zezona ziqithi eziphambili. Amanxweme apho amajoni angenawo umhlaba ahlanganiswa nayiphi na isithintelo esingabaphazamisa ukufika.

Ii-airports zase-Civili zathathwa nguMkhosi. Zonke iindiza ezizimeleyo zazisungulwa. IHawaii Territorial Guard yahlanganiswa njengamaziko onke e-ROTC evela kwiYunivesithi yaseHawaii nasezikolo eziphakamileyo.

Emuva ngomhla kaDisemba ka-7, kwaye emva kokuphikiswa kokuqala nguRhuluneli uJoseph B. Poindexter, umthetho wecala wavakaliswa kwaye umbhalo we-habeas corpus unqunyanyisiwe. Ngokubanzi uWalter C. Mfutshane wakhupha isimemezelo apho wazisa khona ukuba uthatha urhulumente kunye nokuthatha isikhundla sesigqeba somkhosi saseHawaii. Ekuqaleni kwakucingelwa ukuba umthetho wezobukhosi wawuhlala ixesha elifutshane nje, nangona kunjalo, ngokwenene kwaphela iminyaka emithathu.

Izakhiwo zikaRhulumente ezibandakanya iIthala yaseIolani yajika yaba ngamaofisi asejoni. Ezi ziqithi, ngokwenene, zajika zaba yinto eyodwa yempi enkulu. Ngomthetho we-kartial wafika ukungafi, ukufihla ixesha, ukulinganisa, ukuchithwa kweendaba kunye ne-imeyile, ukuthintela kunye nezinye izithintelo. Amashishini aseJapan kunye neempapasho zavalwa.

06 we-08

Amacandelo okuBanjwa aseMthethweni - I-Military Law Ilawula iHawaii

Ukubanjwa kwabahlali ababebhekwa njengengozi okanye ukusola kuqalwe ngamapolisa asekuhlaleni, i-Army Intelligence kunye ne-FBI. Uninzi lwabantu baseJapan luye lwafudukela emaziko okugcinwa kodwa inani labahlali baseJapan kunye nalawo amanye amagunya anonya awakunzima ukuvumela ukuhamba kwabantu bonke. Isicwangciso sokukhupha ukuya kwii-100,000 zaseJapan ezivela eHawaii saqwalaselwa, kodwa sichithwa.

Inkundla zamagosa zatshintsha inkundla zomthetho kunye nomthetho wemikhosi ngumthetho welizwe kumajoni kunye nabantu abahlali.

Bonke abahlali babeneminwe kwaye bafuneka ukuba bathathe amakhadi okuchonga ngamaxesha onke. Abantu abahlali babenqatshelwe ukubamba ngaphezulu kwama-$ 200 ngemali. Amashishini afana nawo.

Ngaphandle kweengxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kwabaphathi bezempi nabasemkhosini umthetho we-karate waqhubeka ngenye indlela okanye enye kwada kwade ngo-Oktobha 24, 1944. Ngapha nangemva kokupheliswa komthetho we-karate, iHawaii yaqhubeka yonyulwa njengommandla wempi kwaye i-curfews yahlala kude ngoJulayi 11, 1945.

07 ka 08

IHawaii Namhlanje - Siyakhumbula i-Pearl Harbor kunye ne-USS Arizona

Namhlanje, izikhumbuzo zemfazwe zibonakala kwiindawo ezininzi eHawaii. Xa abakhenkethi bekhuphukela phezulu kwi-Diamond Head bayaphuma kwi-bunker abasetyenziselwa ukuhlaselwa kweenqwelo zeentshaba. I-Pearl Harbour kunye ne-USS Arizona Memorial bakhumbuza bonke ababatyelele indima ebalulekileyo yeHawaii kwimfazwe kunye nabaninzi abafa ngaloo ntsasa.

Kuzo zonke iziqithi ezikhunjulwayo zifunyenwe, ezifana neSikhumbuzo esikhulu seMfazwe kwiSizwe samangcwaba ePacific e-Punchbowl, iSikhumbuzo seMfazwe yehlabathi kwi-yedolophu yase-Honolulu okanye encinci, kodwa njengento ehambayo, iWaialua-Kahuku yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II iSikhumbuzo eHaleiwa Beach Park, Oahu.

Kukhona into enye engayi kuhoywa xa umntu emela phambi kwezi zikhumbuzo ezizukisa abo bafa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Uluhlu lwabafileyo luquka amadoda amaninzi aseJapan abazali babo, oogogo nomkhulu okanye ootatomkhulu babo bafika eHawaii esuka eJapan ukuba baqale ubomi obutsha. Amagama ala madoda avela ngasentla, ecaleni nangaphantsi kwezo zimpande zomhlaba, izimpande zesiTshayina, iingcambu zasePhilippines kunye negazi laseHawaii, bonke abanikela ngobomi babo ukuze balondoloze inkululeko yabo, zabo iintsapho kunye nathi.

Izimfa zilwa namadoda. Uninzi lwaba bantu bafa. Iimfazwe ziqalwe ngabanye, ngokuqhelekileyo zingaphantsi kwesibindi, zihlala ezininzi eziliwaka ukusuka ekufeni.

Abo balwa baze bafa kwiimfazwe zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwimeko ezininzi, amadoda ahloniphekileyo, nokuba ngaba ngamaMerika, eBrithani, isiJamani, isiFrentshi, isiJapane okanye nakwezinye zezinye iintlanga ezibandakanyekayo.

08 ka 08

Siyakhumbula Kokuthi Sikhohlwa

Uninzi lwehlabathi litshintshile ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. IHawaii isizwe sama-50 kunye nabantu besizwe saseJapan kunye neengcambu zasemhlabeni, iingcambu zaseTshayina, iingcambu zasePhilippines kunye nezimpande zaseHawaii zihlala ndawonye ngoxolo kwezi ziqithi.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, ubunzima bezoqoqosho baseHawaii namhlanje buxhomekeka kakhulu kwizokhenketho kungekuphela kuphela kwilizwe laseMerika kodwa nakwiJapan.

Nangona kunjalo, kulo nyaka unyaka ngamnye, siyayeka ukukhumbula abo bafa ngaloo ntsasa iminyaka engama-74 edlulileyo. Asikhumbuli ukuba sibuyise iinkumbulo zexesha apho ilizwe liye lahla. Asikhumbuli ukuba sibagwebe abo bahlaselayo. Siyakhumbula ukuba singabalibali abo bafa kwaye hleze sikhohlwe ukuba asimele sivumele ukuba kwenzeke kwakhona.

Kwimeko apho uphoswe khona sikumema ukuba ufunde Imbali emfutshane yePearl Harbor ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II apho sihlolisise imbali yendawo leyo yaziwa nangokuthi "i-Wai Momi", elithetha "amanzi ePearl" okanye "iPu` uloa ", ukususela kwiintsuku zakudala kwaze kwaba nje ngaphambi kokuba kuqhambuka iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Siphinde sihlolisise imiphumo yokuphuhliswa kwendawo yombutho waseMelika kwiinkcubeko zaseHawaii.