Ngaphambi Kokutyelela, Khangela Iingcamango Zokugqibela
I-Stonehenge igxile kwi-Salisbury Plain, inkulu, ikhulile kwaye ingacacanga. Abantu baye bazama ukuqonda intsingiselo kunye nembali ye-UK - kwaye mhlawumbi ihlabathi-eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwaye ibaluleke ukubeka amatshe ubuncinane ubuncinane iminyaka engama-800.
Ngoku, uphando luphonsa iimbono ezintsha malunga ne-Stonehenge; mvelaphi kunye neenjongo. Iingcamango zakutshanje zingatshintsha indlela ocinga ngayo ngale ndawo yemilingo.
Kwaye, emva kokugqithiswa okukhulu kweendawo zokuvakatyeka kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, amabali - kunye neemfihlakalo - ze-Stonehenge zicacile kunanini ngaphambili.
Yintoni onokuyilindela xa uya
Into yokuqala oza kuyibona malunga neziko le-visitor le-Stonehenge yindlela encinane oyijonga ngayo. Isakhiwo, ngabakhi beDenton Corker Marshal, phantse siphelelwa yindawo. Uphahla lwalo oluphambene nolwandle lufanelana neenduli ezinqamlekileyo kwaye lubonakala lujikeleza kwihlathi lemithi emifula - izibonda ezicokisekileyo ezixhasa.
Ngaphandle kweziko, isitimela sombane esicatshulwa esicatshulwayo sinikela kumatye asendulo iikhilomitha nesiqingatha. Ukuba ukhetha ukuhamba endaweni leyo, uya kuba nethuba elingcono lokuqonda ukuba isicatshulwa sifana njani nakwiindawo zasendulo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iindwendwe eziya kwi-Stonehenge zange zineli thuba lokubona zonke izigulana zangaphambili ezazisasazeka kwisiza. Kodwa, ekhwela ngaphaya komhlaba, phantsi kwezulu elikhulu laseSalisbury Plain , yindlela ekhuselekileyo yokufika.
Emva koko, thatha ixesha lokuphangela isikhungo sesitye ngokwawo. Ngaphakathi kwalo, iiplanga ezimbini zinee-cafe kunye nevenkile kunye nomncinci, umyuziyam kunye nemiboniso. Umboniso ubeka inyama yangempela kumathambo okutyelela kwi-Stonehenge, ukuhlola iingcinga kunye neengcamango zangaphambili kunye nezigqibo zamuva zabaphandi abasebenza kule ndawo.
Phakathi kwezi zinto zibalaseleyo:
- Izixhobo zangempela ezisetyenziswa ngabaenzi be-Stonehenge - phakathi kwazo i-anter rouer-antler esetyenziselwa ukumba umxokelelwane nokwakha iibhanki ezazingundoqo kwiziko.
- Iqoqo lezixhobo ze-Neolithic eziquka i-flint awl, i-saw kunye "ne-fabricator" esetyenziselwa ukubetha i-spark kwaye yenze umlilo. I-awl kwaye yabona ibonakala njengezixhobo ezisetyenziswa namhlanje.
- Intloko eyakhiwe ngokutsha yindoda yaseNeolithic yangaphambili, eyenziwe ngokusebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa ezisekelwe kwisigxina somntu ogqityiweyo kufuphi nekhulu le-19.
- I-axha yebhedu efana nemimiselo eqoshwe kwamanye amatye, iminyaka engama-700 emva kwe-Stonehenge yakhiwe.
- Imephu yaseBrithani ngelixa i-Stonehenge isetyenziswe, ibonisa ezinye iinjongo, izingosi ezifanayo, izangqa zamatye kunye neenduli ezakhiwa kulo lonke ilizwe ngexesha elinye. Iphakamisa uluntu olulungeleleneyo olwabelana ngamasiko, izikhumbuzo kunye nemisitho kwaye isasazeka ukusuka kumntla ophezulu ukuya kwisiNgesi.
- Ngaphandle, idolophana yaseNolithic esekwakhiwe (esekelwe kwiziphumo eziseduze) ezinika iindwendwe ingcamango yokuba njani abakhi be-Stonehenge bahlala khona.
Yaye Bayazi Njani Oku?
Leyona nto ibhetele ibali ehamba ngayo yonke indlela ekucingeni okokuqala ngesikhumbuzo esingaqondakaliyo.
Ngokutsho kweMveli yeNgesi , kunye ne-National Trust, ilawula indawo malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-90 ezantsi-ntshona-ntshona yaseLondon, ukufundwa kwangaphambili kufumaneka kwimibhalo ye-12 ye-Henry kaHuntingdon, umfundisi waseLincoln obhala imbali yaseNgilandi.
Wabiza isayithi iStanenges kwaye wabhala ngamatye "ngobukhulu obukhulu ... esakhiwe emva kwendlela yokungena, kangangokuba loo mnyango ibonakala iphakanyisiwe emnyango; kwaye akukho namnye onokucinga ukuba amatye amakhulu aphakanyisiwe, okanye isizathu sokuba bakha khona. "
Imibuzo yakhe - njani i-Stonehenge eyakhiwe, kutheni iindawo zayo ezikhethiweyo kunye nabani - ziphazamise izizukulwana zabalobi, abaphandi kunye neendwendwe. Ngoku, kwiminyaka yokuqala kwiminyaka ye-21, abavubukuli baqala ukuza nezimpendulo ezintsha - kunye neminye imibuzo emitsha.
Imibuzo efana nale:
I-Stonehenge Yakhiwa Njani?
Enye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu ze-Stonehenge yindalo yayo yangempela. Ezinye zamatye aphezulu kakhulu zivela emakhilomitha amade kude kwiiNgingqi ze-Preseli zaseWales.
Bathuthwa njani ngabantu abazange basebenzise ivili? Kwaye kuthiwa isiqhumbuzo "esona sakhiwo sehlabathi esisiqulathe isakhiwo esisebunzululwazi," isiNgesi iLifa leMveli lichaza ukuba ngelixa ezinye iigumbi ze-Neolithic zamatye zazingundoqo ngamatye emvelo kunye namatye, i-Stonehenge yenziwe ngamatye agqobileyo, afakwe kunye ne-tenon ecacileyo kunye ne-tenon maqela.
Xa onke amatye e-lintel ejikelezweni sangaphandle ayesendaweni, ayenze isangqa esingqambileyo, esingaxhamliyo, nangona isikhumbuzo simele kumhlaba ophantsi.
Abalobi bokuqala baqulunqisa isakhiwo esakhiwa ngabaseRoma, abanye bawabeka entliziyweni yeendumiso zeArthurian kwaye bacebisa ukuba uMerlin unesandla sokwakha. Kukho amabali e-Merlin ahamba ngee-bluestones ezivela eWales aze ahlasele phezulu kwisikhumbuzo. Kwaye, kukho ininzi yamabali okubandakanyeka kwamanye amazwe.
Iingcamango zangoku ziyamangalisa kodwa zininzi emhlabeni. Kwimizuzu malunga neshumi elinesihlanu, kwiProjekthi ye-Stonehenge Riverside, amaqela abavubukuli abavela kwiiyunivesithi zaseSheffield, eManchester, eSouthampton naseBournemouth, kunye neYunivesithi yaseLondon, baye bafunda isikhumbuzo kunye neendawo ezijikelezayo. Bacetyisa ukuba yakhiwe njengeprojekti yokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezizwe zolimo zaseMpuma nakwi-West Briton, phakathi kwe-3 000 BC kunye no-2 500 BC, yabelana nenkcubeko efanayo.
Unjingalwazi we-Archeology uMike Parker Pearson weKholeji yaseYunivesithi, umbhali waseLondon we- Stonehenge, uVuhlu olutsha: UkuSombulula iMfihlakalo yeSigqeba esiPhambili kunazo zonke i-Monument Stone Age ichaza:
"... kwakukho inkcubeko ekhulayo kwisiqithi-iindidi ezifana nezindlu, ubumbi kunye nezinye iifom zezinto eziphathekayo zisetyenziswe kwi-Orkney ukuya ngaselunxwemeni ... I-Stonehenge ngokwayo yayiyinto enkulu, efuna umsebenzi weewaka ... zisebenza ngokwazo, zifuna ukuba bonke abantu badibanise ngokoqobo, bekuya kuba yinto yokubambisana. "
Kwaye i-settlement echongiwe malunga neekhilomitha ezimbini ukusuka empuma-ntshona ye-sikhumbuzo, i-Durrington Walls, isekela le ngqungquthela ngobungqina bezindlu ezili-1 000 kunye nabantu abangama-4 000 abavela kulo lonke elaseBrithani bathatha inxaxheba-ngexesha eliqikelelwa kulo lonke ilizwe 10,000.
Idolophana yabakhiwa mhlawumbi iyona dolophu enkulu ye-Neolithic eYurophu. Umntu onamandla okwenza umsebenzi onzima obalaseleyo wayekho. Amatye ahanjiswe esuka eWales, ngeendlela zokuhamba kunye neekhephe, kungekhona ngobugcisa obumnyama okanye i-secret science. Nangona umgangatho wentlanganiso efunekayo kwangoko, kunjalo kumangalisa.
Yaye leyo yinto enye nje. Enye into yokuba amatye aseWall aqhutywe yiGreen Age glaciers kwaye atholakala ngokwemvelo ngokukhenkceza ithafa xa abakhi be-Stonehenge behamba emhlabeni.
U-Stonehenge uneminyaka engakanani?
Ubulumko obuqhelekileyo sele ukuba isikhumbuzo sineminyaka engama-5 000 ubudala kwaye sakhiwe kwizigaba eziliqela kwiminyaka eyi-500. Enyanisweni, isakhiwo esikhulu se-Stonehenge, ebonakalayo namhlanje, mhlawumbi sakhiwe ngaphakathi kwelo xesha.
Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kweSayithi ye-Stonehenge ebalulekileyo, kwaye mhlawumbi iinjongo zesithethe zibuyela emva kakhulu-mhlawumbi nje ngexesha elidlulileyo njenge-8,000 ukuya ku-10 000 iminyaka. Uphando olujikeleze indawo yokupaka isikhumbuzo kwiminyaka yee-1960 kwaye kwakhona kwiminyaka ye-1980 yafumana izibonda ezaziphethe izithuba zokhuni ezityalwa phakathi kwe-8500BC kunye ne-7000BC.
Akucaci ukuba ezi zihambelana ngqo ne-Stonehenge kodwa into ebonakala ngokucacileyo kukuba i-landscape yeSalisbury Plain yayibalulekile kumaBrithani asekuqaleni iminyaka emininzi yeminyaka.
Kutheni iSalisbury Plain?
Iingqungquthela zexesha elithile zibonisa ukuba ithafa iyindawo enhle yokuhlalisa indawo yokuhamba komhlaba kwaye imigca kunye nemifula ebonakalayo emoyeni kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-geophysical yizinto ezikhohlakeleyo.
Kuninzi kakhulu ukuba indawo yokuzikhethela ikhethile. IBritani yakudala yayigqitywa ngamahlathi. Indawo enkulu evulekileyo, amawaka eekrekiti ze-chalk grassland, ayengabonakali kwaye ayimfuneko. Nanamhlanje, ukuhamba nge-plain yeSalisbury ebumnyameni obusuku, izinto ezingabonakaliyo zomhlaba ezingabonakaliyo esibhakabhakeni esineenkwenkwezi, zinokuba ngamava angapheliyo, amava angaphezu kwamandla.
Kwaye imigca, eyaziwa ngokuba yimigca ye-periglacial ehambelana ngokukodwa kunye ne-axis ye-solstice yimiba yemvelo yendalo. Abantu abalimi abahlala kuloo ndawo kwaye baqwalasela ngokuphawulekayo iimpawu zonyaka baqaphela ukulungelelaniswa nokutshintshwa kwamaxesha kwaye bakhetha indawo kunye nesimo se-Stonehenge ngenxa yabo.
Yiloo nto yayiphethwe nguProfesa uPearson. Wathi, "Xa sikhubekile kulolu lungiselelo olungokwemvelo lendlela yokukhanya kwelanga ephawulwe emhlabeni, saqonda ukuba abantu bokuqala babakhetha le ndawo ukwakha i-Stonehenge ngenxa yobuncwane obunqunywe ngaphambili ... Mhlawumbi bayibona le ndawo kwiziko lehlabathi. "
I-Stonehenge yayisetyenziselwa ntoni?
Thatha okukhethiweyo: Unqulo lwe-Druid, ukungcwaba, ukuvuna imikhosi, imihlatshelo yezilwanyana, imikhosi ye-solstice, iirekhodi zomphakathi, isikhungo sokuphulukisa, ikhalenda yokulima, umhlaba okhuselayo, umqondiso kubo oothixo, umgca wokuhlalisa. Kukho ininzi yeengcamango malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-Stonehenge. Kwaye kwiminyaka, uphando lwezinto zakudala lufumene ubungqina beninzi yale mi sebenzi (ngaphandle kwabafokazi - kude kube ngoku). Ukufumanisa okungenani ama-150 okungcwaba kuloo ndawo kukufumanisa ngoku, njengomzekelo.
Inyaniso kukuba, iindawo eziqhelekileyo zokuthi i-Stonehenge iyinxalenye yokusetyenziswa kwale mibutho yabantu kwiminyaka emininzi yeminyaka. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayineentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswayo kwiminyaka eyiwaka. Singaze sayiqonda ngokugcwele le ndawo engaqondakaliyo, kodwa abavubukuli kunye neembali-mlando basondela ngakumbi ixesha lonke.
Xa Uya Kuya
Kunyaka ngamnye, iWiccans, i-Neo Pagans, i-New Agers kunye nezokhenketho ezinokuzikhupha zihlalela kwi-Stonehenge kwi- solstice yasehlobo . Yona yodwa ixesha abavakatyekileyo abavunyelwe ukuba baphonse ngalo malunga nesiza kwaye bachitha ubusuku bonke balinde ukusa.
Kodwa ukufunyaniswa kwiDurrington Walls kukhombisa ukuba phakathi kwexesha eliphakathi, kungekhona i-midsummer eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kunye nexesha lemihango kunye nokuzonwabisa. Uninzi lwezinye izikhumbuzo kwiindawo ze-Stonehenge zihambelana nokusa kwelanga kunye nokutshona kwelanga. Le ngqungquthela yenza ngakumbi nangakumbi xa ucinga imikhosi yomlilo kunye nemigubho ye-midwinter lonke elaseMntla Yurophu.
Unokutyelela i-Stonehenge naliphi na ixesha lonyaka kunye nexesha ngalinye linamathuba kunye neempumelelo. Hamba ebusika kwaye akudingeki uvuke kakhulu kusasa ukuze ubone ukuphuma kwelanga, usoloko ukhangeleka kwinqumlezo. NgoDisemba, ilanga liphuma khona malunga ne-8 ekuseni. Isikhumbuzo asivuli ke kodwa unokukubona umgama omfutshane kude ne-A303. Isiza sinokuthi sincinci kakhulu. Icala eliphantsi kukuba i-Salisbury Plain ibanda, ikhupha umoya kwaye, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ifakwe kwikhephu okanye ngokunjalo ngamanzi ukuba ukufikelela kwenye indawo, iindawo ezinxulumene nazo zilinganiselwe.
Ukuba uhamba ehlobo, uya kuba nokukhuphisana namanye amaqela kwaye, ukuba ufuna ukubona ukuphuma kwelanga, ungcono ukuba uphume ngokukhawuleza. NgoJuni, kuphuma phambi kwe-5 ngecala elincinane, unokuhamba ngokusesikweni ukusuka kwisikhululo seendwendwe ukuya kwisayithi ngaphandle kokuqhwala. Kwaye kunye neeyure ezinde kakhulu zentsuku, unokufumana ixesha elide lokuhlola ii-prehsistoric sites kunye nesixeko saseSalisbury.
Kukuphi na
I-Stonehenge, eyona nto yelitye eliyinkqantosi eliseqophelweni eliphezulu kwihlabathi liphela lesikhumbuzo esiphakathi kwendawo ephambili yezinto ezihamba phambili ezixutywe ngamanqaku angqinileyo. Indawo ye- Stonehenge, i-Avebury kunye ne-Associated Sites Indawo ye-Heritage World, iquka:
- iHenge enkulu e-Avebury enesijikelezo selitye elikhulu emhlabeni
- Silbury Hill - intaba engaqondakaliyo, eyenziwa ngabantu, inkulu kunawo onke eYurophu, malunga neenkulungwane eziphakamileyo kunye ne-4 400 ubudala. Akukho mntu usenako ukufumanisa ukuba ubani owakhele kwaye kutheni. Zama iNational Trust Silbury Hill Walk.
- IWest Kennet I-Long Barrow, enye yeyona mininzi yamangcwaba e-Neolithic eBrithani.
Kwakhona kufuphi: Isixeko esincinane saseSalisbury kunye nekatedareta yayo, ikhaya kwikomkhulu yokuqala ye-Magna Carta kunye ne-Medieval Clock-iwashi elidala kunazo zonke elikhoyo elikude likhona malunga nemizuzu engama-20 kude nebhasi okanye ibhasi lendawo.
Iimvakalo ezibalulekileyo
- Ukwamkelwa kungukuthi ithikithi elinqunywe ixesha elinokuphakanyiswa kokupasa kwangaphambili. Ngezihlandlo zokuvula, amaxabiso angoku kunye nokubhuka amathikithi, khangela iwebhusayithi yeTayhenge yekripthi.
- Indawo ye- Stonehenge - Fumana iindlela eziphakanyisiweyo kwiwebsite ye-Trust Trust.
- Ukufika apho:
- Ngesitimela esivela eLondon Waterloo ukuya eSalisbury Station ( khangela i-National Rail Inquiries ) ke i-Stonehenge Tour Bus, ibhasi le-public ezinikezele kwisiteshi sesitimela.
- Ngeenyawo okanye umjikelo - iWilldhire County Council ishicilela izikhokelo ukuya kwi-Stonehenge ngeenyawo kunye neendlela zokujikeleza kunye neebhasi zendawo. Unokufumana kwakhona i-Stonehenge kwiwebsite yeSustrans yeNational Cycle Network.
- Ngemoto - i-Stonehenge icima i-A360, ifumaneka ukusuka eLondon ukuya kwi-M3 kunye ne-A303 (setha iSatNavs ye-ZIP SP4 7DE). Kuthe malunga neekhilomitha ezili-88 kwaye ithatha ngaphantsi kweeyure ezimbini kwiimeko eziphathekayo zezithuthi. Kukhona indawo yokupaka kwisayithi ekhululekile kubaniki beetikiti ze-Stonehenge.