"ISan" ligama elihlangeneyo leentlanga ezikhuluma ngeNkhoisan eMzantsi Afrika. Kwakhona ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa yiBushmen okanye iBasarwa, babengabantu bokuqala ukuhlala eMzantsi Afrika, apho bahlala khona iminyaka engaphezu kwe-20 000. Imizobo yamatye eSan e-Botswana ye-Tsodilo Hills ifakazela eli lifa elimangalisayo, kunye nemizekelo emininzi ekucingwa ukuba ibuyele emva kwe-1300 AD.
I-San ihlala kwiindawo zase Botswana, eNamibia, eMzantsi Afrika, e-Angola, eZambia, eZimbabwe naseLesotho.
Kweminye imimandla, igama elithi "San" kunye no "Bushmen" lithathwa njengento ehlaselayo. Kunoko, abantu abaninzi baseSan bathanda ukuchongwa ngamagama eentlanga zabo. Ezi ziquka: Kung, Jul'hoan, Tsoa kunye nezinye ezininzi.
Imbali yeSan
I-San yinkalo ye- Homo sapiens yokuqala, okt umntu wamanje. Unomzekelo omdala kunabo bonke abantu abakhoyo, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba zonke ezinye izizwe zivela kubo. Ngokomlando, iSan babengabazingeli-baqokeleli abagcina impilo yokuphila. Oku kuthetha ukuba bahamba kulo nyaka ngokuhambelana nokufumaneka kwamanzi, umdlalo kunye nezityalo ezidliwayo ezazisetyenziselwa ukutshintsha ukutya kwazo.
Ngaphezulu kwexesha leminyaka engama-2 000 edlulileyo, nangona kunjalo, ukufika kwabafundisi bezolimo kunye nabantu bezolimo bevela kwamanye amazwe e-Afrika baphoqa abantu baseSan ukuba baxoshe kwiindawo zabo zendalo. Le ntshukumo yayiqhutywe yi-colonialists ezimhlophe kwii-17 neye-18 zeenkulungwane, ezaqala ukuseka iifama ezizimeleyo kwimimandla enomhlaba ocebileyo.
Ngenxa yoko, i-San yayigcinwe kwiindawo ezingabonakaliyo ze-Afrika ye-Afrika-njengentlango yase Kalahari.
ISan Culture
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, amaqela oluntu okanye amaqela aseSan badla ngokubaluleka abantu abali-10 ukuya ku-15. Bahlala kwilizwe, beka iindawo zokungcebeleka kwexeshana ehlotyeni, kunye nezakhiwo ezingapheliyo ezijikeleze amanzi asele ebusika.
I-San inabantu abalinganayo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo abanalo nkokheli okanye inkulu. Abafazi babonwa njengalingana, kwaye izigqibo zenziwa njengeqela. Xa kukho ukungavumelani, kukho iingxoxo ezinde ukuxazulula nayiphi na imiba.
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, abantu baseSan babenomthwalo wokuzingela ukunyusa lonke iqela - umsebenzo wokusebenzisana ofezekileyo usebenzisa izindebe ezenziwe ngezandla kunye neentolo ezixutywe ngetyhefu ezenziwe kwi-beetle. Ngelo xesha, abafazi baqokelela oko babenakho ezweni, kubandakanywa iziqhamo, amajikijolo, izilwanyana, iinambuzane kunye namaqanda encini. Xa kwakungekho nto, iigobolondo zeenciniba zazisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela kunye nokugcina amanzi, okwakusoloko kufuneka ilandelwe emgodini ombelwe kwisanti.
ISan Today
Namhlanje, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho i-100,000 yaseSan ehlala eMzantsi Afrika. Inxalenye encinane kakhulu yabantu abaseleyo bayakwazi ukuphila ngendlela yabo yendabuko. Njengoko kunjalo ngabantu abaninzi bokuqala bezinye izizwe kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi, uninzi lwabantu baseSan luye lwaba lixhoba lezithintelo ezibekelwe zona kwiinkcubeko zanamhlanje. Ukucalulwa kobuhlanga, intlupheko, ukulahlwa kweentlalo kunye nokulahlekelwa kwezozisi zenkcubeko baye bashiya uphawu lwabo kwiSan yanamhlanje.
Ayikwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kulo lonke ilizwe njengokuba babeya kukwenza, abaninzi banamsebenzi kwiifama okanye kwi-conservancies yemvelo, ngelixa abanye bathembela kwiipenshini zelizwe ngenzuzo yabo. Nangona kunjalo, iiSan zihlonishwa ngabaninzi ngenxa yezakhono zabo zokuphila, ezibandakanya ukulandelela, ukuzingela kunye nolwazi olubanzi lwezityalo ezidliwayo kunye nezonyango. Kweminye imimandla, abantu baseSan banako ukuhlala phantsi kwezo zakhono ngendlela eyahlukileyo, ngokuzifundisa kwabanye kumaziko enkcubeko nakwiindawo zokuhenketha.
KwiiNkcubeko zeSan Cultural
Ukutyelela okunjengalezi banikela iindwendwe ukuqonda okuthabisayo kwinkcubeko eye yasinda kwiingxaki zeminyaka eminyaka. Ezinye zenzelwe ukuhanjelwa kweentsuku ezimfutshane, ngelixa abanye bathabatha ifom yee-multi-day tours kunye nohambo lwentlango. I-Nhoma Safari Camp iyinkampu enetente eNkommeni yaseNorthern-Namibia, apho amalungu esizwe saseJu'hoan afundisa iindwendwe zobugcisa bokuzingela kunye nokuqokelela, kunye nezakhono kuquka amachiza amahlathi, imidlalo yemveli kunye nemidaniso yokuphilisa.
Amanye amava eSan Bushmen afaka i-8 Day Bushman Trail Safari kunye ne-7 Day Mobile Camping Safari kwi-Kalahari, ezo zibini ezenzeka eBotswana. EMzantsi Afrika, i-Khwa ttu iSiko leNkcubeko kunye neZiko lezeMfundo libonelela ngeendwendwe zentsuku kunye nokuqeqesha abantu base San namhlanje banqwenela ukuba baphinde bazibandakanye nenkcubeko yabo yenkcubeko.
Eli nqaku lahlaziywa kwaye libhalwa ngokubhaliweyo nguJessica Macdonald ngo-Agasti 24 ka-2017.