AmaKhosi eSixeko saseJamani

IJamani izinikezele izixhobo ezintle ukuba ungalokothi uyibale ukuQothulwa kweNtsha. Kukho izikhumbuzo zeNkohlakalo, iimyuziyamu, kunye neenkampu zangaphambili zengxubusho ezifundisa uluntu kwaye zihloniphe izigidi zabantu.

Iindwendwe ezininzi eYurophu ziziva ziphosakele ukuba zivelele ezi ndawo, kwaye zifanele. Ukubulawa kweNkohlakalo yenye yezona ziganeko ezibalulekileyo zekhulu lama-20. Kodwa gcinani ekhumbule ukuba iziza zesikhumbuzo zinikeza ingqwalaselo engapheliyo kwizinto ezenzeke apha.

Ukufumana uluhlu olupheleleyo lwazo zonke izikhumbuzo zeNtshonalanga YaseYurophu (njengesiza esingenasiphelo ePoland esaziwa nje ngokuba nguAuschwitz), tyelela i-Portal Information kwiindawo ze-Europe zokukhunjulwa.

• 01 ngo-10

  ISikhumbuzo kuya kumaYuda abulawayo aseYurophu

  Umyili wezakhiwo uPeter Eisenmann wenza iSikhumbuzo saseBerlin ukuba abulale amaYuda aseYurophu. Emva komncintiswano wokudibanisa ukugqiba isigqibo somqhubi, akukho mntu wanyulwa ngokwenene, kodwa ukugqitywa kukaEisenmann ekugqibeleni kwaqala ukuma.

  Kubekwa kwindawo engama-4.7-acre phakathi kweSango laseBrandenburg kunye nePotsdamer Platz . Umphambili wendawo eqingqiweyo yi "Field of Stelae" eneenqwelwana ze-concrete ezingaphezu kwama-2 500. Unokungena kuzo zonke iinkalo ezine uze uhambe ngendlela engafanelekanga, ulahleke phakathi kwamakholomu amakhulu. Zonke zihluke ngokulinganayo ngobukhulu, ukuzulazula ngokuvakalayo kukuvakala ukuba uvakalelwa kukuba unokwenzeka xa uhamba ngendlela yehlathi elimnyama lekhonkrithi. Iimyuziyam ezincinci ezisemhlabeni zithinta amanqaku amaninzi afana namagama azo onke amaxhoba angamaYuda angamaYuda, aze akhethe amabali ohambo lwabo.

  Kuphela ngaphesheya kwesitrato kwiTiergarten uhlala kwiSikhumbuzo esincinci ukuya kuma-Homosexuals Utshutshiswa ngaphantsi kweNazism, kwaye uhambela kwiReichstag yiSikhumbuzo esandula kuvulelwa kwiSinti kunye namaRoma aseNkundleni yeNtlalo. Okugqithise ngakumbi, unokufumana uphawu lokubeka uphawu apho uHitler waseBunker wayemi khona.

• 02 ngo 10

  Ikampu yokuThuthukiswa kweDachau

  Inkampu yoxinaniso yaseDachau, ezilii-10 kumntla-ntshona-ntshona yeMunich , yenye yeenkampu zoxinaniso eJamani eJamani kwaye yayiza kuba ngumzekelo kuzo zonke iinkampu ezilandelayo kwi-Third Reich.

  Ababhenkethi kwisiza sesikhumbuzo balandela "indlela yokubanjwa," behamba ngendlela efanayo nabathinjwa baphoqeleka ukuba bafike ekampini. Uza kubona iibhokhwe zokuqala zokubhabha, ii-barracks, ii-courtyards, kunye ne-crematorium, kunye nomboniso omkhulu kunye neememori ezahlukahlukeneyo.

• 03 ngo 10

  Stolpersteine

  Awukwazi ukuqaphela ezi zikhumbuzo ezihamba ngeenxa zonke kwiidolophu zaseJamani . U-Stolpersteine uguqulela ngokucacileyo "ilitye elikhubekiso". Kukho okuninzi ukubona kwinqanaba lemehlo, kulula ukuphosakela izinto ezinqamlekileyo, iiplati zegolide ezibekwe ngaphakathi kwendlela eya ngasemnyango weendawo ezininzi zokuhlala, amashishini kunye nezithuba ezingenanto.

  Le projekthi ngumculi waseJamani u-Gunter Demnig ukhunjulwa ngamaxhoba okuQhulwa kweNkqantosi kwizikhumbuzo zethusi ezinobumba obunzima obunamagama (okanye amagama omndeni), umhla wokuzalwa, kunye nenkcazo emfutshane malunga nexesha labo. Ngokuqhelekileyo bathi " Ngenye imini " (ehlala apha), kodwa ngamanye amaxesha yindawo umntu afundela ngayo, asebenze, okanye afundise. Isiphelo sisoloko sifanayo, "i -ermermet " (yabulawa) kunye neendawo ezingathandekiyo zeAuschwitz, iDachau ...

• 04 we-10

  Ikampu yokuTyala iSachsenhausen

  Phantse imizuzu engama-30 ngasentla kweBerlin yindawo yesigxina iSachsenhausen, eyayiyinkampu yenkampu e-Oranienburg. Inkampu yakhiwa ngo-1936, kwaze kwaba ngo-1945 abantu abangaphezu kwama-200,000 baboshwa apha ngamaNazi.

  I-Sachsenhausen yayininzi ngeenkampu ezibalulekileyo zokugxininisa kwi-Third Reich: Yayiyinkampu yokuqala eyayisungulwa phantsi kwe-Heinrich Himmler njengeNtloko yePolisa yaseJamani kunye nokubekwa kwayo isakhiwo sayo yasetyenziswa njengomzekelo malunga neenkampu zoxinzelelo kwiJamani laseNazi.

  Emva kokuba inkampu ikhululwe ngo-Apreli 22, 1945, ngamasosha aseSoviet nasePoland, iiSoviet zasebenzisa isayithi kunye nezakhiwo zayo njengenkampu yokubanjwa kwabafundi bezopolitiko ukususela ngo-1945 ukuya ku-1950.

  Ngowe-1956, izicwangciso zaqala ukwenza ukuguqula inkampu ibe yisikhumbuzo sesizwe. Yavulwa ngo-Aprili 23, 1961, kwaye ngoku ivulekele kuluntu njengemyuziyam kunye nesikhumbuzo.

• 05 we-10

  Ikampu yokuThengisa iBuchenwald

  Abantu abangaphezu kwama-250,000 abavela kwiintlanga ezingama-50 baboshwa kwi-camp yangaphambili yaseBuchenwald, kufuphi nesixeko sase- Weimar .

  Isikhumbuzo sendawo sibonisa imiboniso eyahlukeneyo kwaye unokubona kwakhona indawo yangaphambili yekampu, iindawo zokugcina iindawo kunye nokugcinwa kweeseli, iindawo zokulinda, indawo yokutshisa indawo, isikhululo sokukhusela indawo, isitulo sesitimela, iindawo ze-SS, i-quarry kunye namangcwaba. Kukho umqondiso ohamba kuyo yonke indawo, kuquka neendlela ezithatyathwe yi-patroli yangaphambili.

• 06 ngo 10

  Imyuziyam yamaYuda eBerlin

  Imyuziyam yaseYurophu yaseBerlin ayiyona nje indawo yokulondolozwa kwembali kwimbali-imbali yayo yembali ethi "iMilliennia ye-German History" kunye namaxwebhu angamaYuda eJamani ukusuka kwi-Roman Times ukuya kutsho namhlanje.

  Kodwa isakhiwo esichukumisayo sakhiwo sikaDaniel Libeskind senza iimvakalelo zalabo abathunjelwe baza balahleka: Ubume bemyuziyam lukhumbuza iNkwenkwezi kaDavid ephahliweyo, iifestile ezingenakungaqhelekanga zityunjwa kwi-facade ye-steel-blank, "vumela" ululaze ukuphakama okupheleleyo kwesakhiwo. Inqaba yaseNtshonalanga kunye nokufakelwa kobugcisa "Amaqabunga ahlayo" yinto ehamba phambili neyodwa.

• 07 ngo 10

  Inkampu yokuThuthukiswa eBergen Belsen

  Ngaphandle kwenkampu yokufa e-Auschwitz, uBergen Belsen e-Lower Saxony waba ngumqondiso wamanye amazwe ngenxa yezoyikekayo zokuQothulwa kwabantu. U-Anne Frank wayevalelwa kule nkampu waza wafa ngoTyphus ngo-Matshi ka-1945.

  Namhlanje, iindawo zenkampu yenkxalabo yangaphambili yamangcwaba aneemifanekiso ezahlukahlukeneyo ezikhunjulwayo abaye bahlupheka baza bafa eBergen Belsen. Kukho neCandelo leMibhalo elitsha, elalikhupha onke amaxwebhu, iifoto kunye namafilimu ehlola imbali yekampu.

• 08 ngo 10

  Inkampu yokuThuthukiswa kweNewengamme

  Ikampu yoxinaniso ye-Neuengamme, eyayihlala kwindawo eyayiyimbumba yaseTurban , yayiyinkampu enkulu kwiNyakatho yeJamani, eneenkampu ezingama-satellite ezingama-80 phakathi ko-1938 no-1945. NgoMeyi 2005, kwiminyaka engama-60 ubudala inkululeko, isakhiwo sokukhunjulwa kwakhona savulwa, kubandakanywa nemibukiso emininzi ebhala imbali yesayithi kwaye ukhumbule ukubandezeleka kwabantu abangaphezu kwe-100 000 abanjelwe apha. Izakhiwo ezili-15 zeenkampu zenkampu yokuxininisa kwiziko zigcinwe.

• 09 we-10

  Ikampu yokuThuthukiswa kweMilaphu i-Flossenbürg

  Inkampu yoxinaniso i-Flossenbürg, eyakhiwe ngo-1938, ikhona kwiphondo lase-Upper Palatinate eBavaria. UDietrich Bonhoeffer, umfundisi waseJamani kunye nomfundisi wenkolo, uboshwe apha waza wabulala iintsuku ezingama-23 ngaphambi kokuba i-Flossenbürg ikhululwe ngo-Ephreli 1945. Isikhumbuzo sinika uhambo olukhokelwa ngesiNgesi, olubandakanya iindawo zombukiso wembali "I-Flossenbürg Camp concentration, 1938-1945 . "

• 10 kwi-10

  INdlu yeNgqungquthela yeWannsee

  Abaveleli banokuma ngaphakathi kwendawo apho "iSolution Sokugqibela" (oko kukuthi iHolocaust) yacwangciswa. Ngoku isiza sesikhumbuzo , iNdlu yeNgqungquthela yeWannsee yinye inqununu yokumisa izembali zabantu ukuba bahlaziye amanyathelo athatyathwa ekuhlaselweni kwabantu ababalelwa kwizigidi ezili-11.