3 Iindawo zeBuddha ze-Odisha kunye nezotyelelo

01 ngo 04

Ubume bemihlaba yeBuddhist kwi-Odisha

Unokuxolelwa ngenxa yokungazi ngeendawo ezingcwele zamaBuddha e-Orissa (i-Odisha). Emva koko, baye bahlonywa nje ngoku kutshanje kwaye bangabonakali kakhulu. Sekunjalo, amaziko eBuddhist angaphezu kwama-200, ahlakazeke ngaphesheya ubude nobubanzi beburhulumenteni, abonakaliswe ngolu hlobo lokucwaninga. Babonisa ukugqithiswa kweBuddha kwi-Odisha ukusuka kwikhulu le-6 leminyaka BC ukuya kwi-15 ye-16 ye-AD, kunye nekhulu le-8-ye-10 lixesha lokuba liphumelele. Izimfundiso zobuBuddha ezivela kuzo zonke iindidi (kuquka neHinayana, Mahayana, Tantayana kunye neenqwelo ezinjengeVajrayana, iKalacakrayana neSajjayana) kukholwa ukuba zenziwe e-Odisha, zinika ulawulo lwelifa leBuddha.

Iingxowankulu kunazo zonke zamathambo aseBuddhist zingatholakala kwiindawo ezintathu - i-Ratnagiri, i-Udayagiri kunye neLalitagiri-ekuthiwa yi "Diamond Triangle". Iziza zibandakanya uluhlu lweentlanzi, iitempile, iitempile, i-stupas, kunye nemifanekiso emihle yemifanekiso yobuBuddha. Indawo yabo yasemaphandleni, phakathi kweentaba ezivundisayo kunye nemimandla ye-paddy, ibonakala ibomvu kwaye inokuthula.

Uhambo lwe-Odisha luchithe iminyaka embalwa edlulayo ukuphuhlisa amaziko ezotyelelo ezijikelezileyo ezi ndawo ezibalulekileyo zeBuddhist, ezi ziindawo eziphezulu zokutyelela kwi-Odisha.

Ngendlela Efanelekileyo Yokutyelela Iindawo ZamaBuddha Ezizimeleyo Zika-Odisha?

I-Odisha ye "Diamond Triangle" yeziza zeBuddha (Ratnagiri, Udayagiri, neLalitagiri) zifumaneka kwiintaba zase-Assia, malunga neeyure ezimbini zihamba ngasentla kweBhubaneshwar. Isikhululo se-moya esiseduze saseBhubaneshwar ngelixa isitishi se-sitima esinqununu esiseduze saseCuttack.

I- Mahaparinirvan Express eBuddhist Tourist Train yaqalisa ukubandakanya ii-Odisha zeBuddhist sites in itsary path, kodwa nangona le nto yayiphunywe ngenxa yokungahambi konyusa. I-Swosti Ukuhamba ngumboneleli omkhulu weenkonzo zokuhamba e-Odisha kwaye unokunyamekela onke amalungiselelo, kuquka ukuqeshwa kwemoto.

Abo banqwenela ukutyelela iindawo ngokuzimeleyo banokuhlala kwihotele yaseToshali e-Ratnagiri (kuvulwe ngo-Apreli 2013). Ikulungele ngokubhekiselele kwi-Archeological Museum kwaye i kufuphi ne-Ratnagiri yamaBuddhist. Udayagiri ungaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezili-10 ukusuka ku-Ratnagiri, ngoxa iLalitagiri i malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20 ukusuka.

Ixesha Elimnandi Kukundwendwela?

Iinyanga ezipholileyo eziphelileyo ukususela ngo-Oktobha ukuya kuMatshi zizona zikhulu kakhulu. Ngaphandle koko, isimo sezulu sitshisa ngokungapheliyo ngo-Ephreli noMeyi ngaphambi kokuqala kwelanga.

Funda ukuze ufumane okungakumbi malunga neendawo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo zeBuddha.

02 we 04

Ratnagiri

I-Ratnagiri, "i-Hill of Jewels", inamarhafa amaninzi kakhulu eBuddhist e-Odisha kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu njengesiza seBuddha - zombini kwimifanekiso yaso emangalisayo kwaye njengesiko semfundiso yobuBuddha. Enye yeeyunivesithi zokuqala zeBuddha ehlabathini, ukuphikisana nomntu owaziwayo eNalanda (e-Bihar), kukholelwa ukuba sele i-Ratnagiri.

Indawo yaseBuddhist e-Ratnagiri ibuyela kwikhulu le-6 AD. Kubonakala ukuba ubuBuddha bubuqilima kude kube ngunyama-12 we-AD. Ekuqaleni, kwakuyiziko le-Mahayana Buddhist. Ngexesha le-8 nele-9 le-AD, yaba liziko elibalulekileyo lobuBuddha lobuTantic. Emva koko, yadlala indima ephawulekayo ekuveleni kweKalachakra Tantra.

I-Ratnagiri yafunyanwa ngo-1905. Ukuphandwa okwenziwe phakathi kowe-1958 ukuya ku-1961 kubonakalise i-stupa enkulu, iindwendwe ezimbini, iintlanzi, iindidi ezininzi ezizikhuphayo (ukuvulelwa kwaphindwa kwamanqaku asixhenxe!), Inani elikhulu le-terracotta kunye namatye imifanekiso, izakhiwo zokwakha kunye namaxesha amaninzi aseBuddhist kuquka izinto zobhedu, zobhedu kunye nebhedu (ezinye ezinemifanekiso yeBuddha).

Indwendwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-Monastery 1, eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-8 ne-9 le-AD, iyona nto inkulu kakhulu yokuthungulwa kweendwendwe kwi-Odisha. Isango layo eliluhlaza elidwebileyo likhokelela kwii-24 zezitena. Kukho nendawo eqingqiweyo yohlobo lweBuddha, ecaleni ePadmapani naseVajrapani, kwi-sanctum ephakathi.

Imifanekiso enkulu yamatye yeNtloko kaBuddha intloko yaseRunnagiri ibangalisa kakhulu. Iintloko ezingaphezu kweebini ezili-12 zobukhulu obuhlukeneyo, ngokugqithisileyo ezibonisa indlela yokucamngca yeBuddha, zifunyenwe ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokucubungula. Ziyabonwa ukuba ziyimisebenzi emihle yobugcisa.

Izixhobo ezenziwe ngamatye amaninzi nazo zisuswe kwisayithi kwaye ngoku ziboniswa kwiigalari ezine kwi-Archeological Museum e-Ratnagiri. Ivulekile imihla ngemihla ukususela nge-10 ukuya kwe-5 ntambama, ngaphandle kweLwesihlanu.

03 we 04

Udayagiri

Udayagiri, "Sunrise Hill", uhlala kwenye indawo enkulu yeBuddhist e-Odisha. Iqukethe izitena zitena, izitye ezimbini zezitena, iqula elityebileyo kunye nemibhalo ebhalwe kuyo, kunye nemifanekiso eminingi yamaBuddha.

Isayithi le -daydayiri liye labhalwa emva kwe-1-13 ye-AD. Nangona yafunyanwa ngowe-1870, ukutyuwa akuzange kuqale ngo-1985. Baye baqhutyelwa kwizigaba ezimbini kwiindawo ezimbini zokuhlala ngaphandle kwee-200 mitha ezahlukeneyo-Udayagiri 1 ukususela ngo-1985 ukuya ku-1989, no-Udayagiri 2 ukususela ngo-1997 ukuya ku-2003. ukuba izixeko zabizwa ngokuba yi "Madhavapura Mahavihara" kunye "noSimhaprastha Mahavihara", ngokuhlonipha.

I-stupa e-Udayagiri 1 inemifanekiso emine yamatye e-Lord Buddha, echazwe kwaye ibhekiselele kwicala ngalinye. I-monastery iphinda imangalisa, kunye neeseli ezili-18 kunye nekamelo le-shrine elinomfanekiso ohlotshiswe ngegolide. Ukuthungwa kwavela ezininzi iimifanekiso zeBuddhist kunye nemifanekiso yamatye yobuBuddhist.

Kwi-Udayagiri yesi-2, kukho ubunzima obuninzi bama-monastic kunye neeseli ezili-13 kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaBuddha, ohlezi kwi- bhumisparsa mudra . Iingqameko zalo ezinqabileyo ziyamangaliswa kwizakhiwo ze-8th-9th AD. Into ekhethekileyo malunga nale ndwendwe yindlela yokujikeleza indlu yayo, engayifumaneki nakwezinye iindawo zokuhlala ze-monastic kwi-Odisha.

Olunye u mtsalane ku-Udayagiri ligalari yeemifanekiso ezixutywa ngamadwala aseBuddha, ejongene nomlambo waseBirupa (obizwa ngokuba yiSolapuamaa) ngezantsi. Kukho imifanekiso emihlanu equlethwe ngobomi obumileyo uBuddhisattva, uBuddha omiyo, unkulunkulukazi ohleli phezu kwe-stupa, omnye ohlala eBoddhisattva, kunye neBoddhisattva ehleli.

Isayithi le -daydayiri lithembisa ubutyebi obongezelelweyo, njengoko kusekho ngaphezulu ukucima.

04 we 04

Lalitagiri

Amanxuwa aseLalitagiri, ngelixa engekho ekulu njengaleyo e-Ratnagiri nase-Udayagiri, zivela kwiindawo zokuhlala zaseBuddhist e-Odisha. Izinto ezinkulu zokucubungula ezenziwa ngo-1985 ukuya ku-1992 ubungqina obunokuthi buhlala ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka kwikhulu lesi-2 ukuya kwe-13 ukuya kwi-13 ye-AD.

Izinto ezifunyenwe zifunyenwe i-stupa, i-chaitya hall okanye i- chaityagriha , ii-monasteries ezine, kunye nemifanekiso yamatye amaninzi kaBuddha noBuddhist.

Akungathandabuzeki ukuba, into evuyisayo yinto ekhethiweyo yamatokethikiti amathathu (ezimbini ziqukethe iincinci ezincinci zethambo) ngaphakathi kwe-stupa eLalitgiri. Iincwadi zobuBuddha zithi emva kokufa kukaBuddha, iindawo zakhe zokuhlala zazisasazwa phakathi kwabafundi bakhe ukuba babekwe kwiingcingo. Ngenxa yoko, iingcatshulwa kuthiwa zikwaBuddha ngokwakhe, okanye omnye wabafundi bakhe ababalaseleyo. Urhulumente wase-Odisha uzimisele ukubonisa ii-caskets zee-relic kwimyuziyam eLalitagiri kwixesha elizayo.

I-hall ye-chaitya ye-aitya evuliwe eLalitagiri yinto yokuqala yohlobo lwayo kwiimeko zobuBuddha e-Odisha (enye yeJain yafunyanwa kwenye indawo ngaphambili). Iholide yokuthandaza emxholweni inomphela wesetyhula kwaye iqulethe stupa kwiziko, nangona liwonakele. Ubhalo lubonakalisa isakhiwo kwi-2-3 ye-AD.

Uninzi lweemifanekiso zaseBuddhist ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokuphanda zihlala kwindawo ekhethiweyo esecaleni kweendwendwe. Nangona kunjalo, ngokucacileyo, bakha ngaphantsi kwe-50% yeengcebo zangaphambili zesayithi. Abanye baye balahleka ngokudabukisayo, ngelixa abanye baye batshintshwa kwiimyuziyam kwenye indawo.