Kutheni le mibini emibini ibalulekile kubahambi
Abaninzi bamazwe ngamazwe baye bakuva kwiiNdibano zeWarsaw kunye neMontreal kodwa zange zinike ingcamango encinane ngaphandle kokuzalisa ulwazi loqhagamshelwano emva kwetikiti ze-airline. Njengengxenye ebalulekileyo yembali yenkalo, zombini iindibano zinika abahambahambayo ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo emhlabeni jikelele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba abahambahambayo bahamba phi, iindwendwe zabo ziphantse zichaphazeleka kwezi zibano zibalulekileyo ezibini.
I-Warsaw Convention yaqala ukusayinwa ukusebenza ngowe-1929 kwaye ibuye ishintshwe kabini. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-20 kamva, i-Convention yaseMontreal yatshintsha i-Warsaw Convention ukuba inike abahamba ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokukhusela ezilawula izibophelelo zeenqwelo-moya. Namhlanje, amaqela angaphezu kwama-109, kuquka iYurophu yaseYurophu, avumile ukuthobela iMboniselo yaseMontreal, enika abahambi ukukhuselwa xa behamba.
Ngaba iindibano ezimbini zinikeza uncedo kubahambi kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu? Nazi iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo zembali malunga neNgqungquthela yaseWarsaw kunye neSivumelwano saseMontreal bonke abahambahambayo bafuna ukwazi.
IWarsaw Convention
Okokuqala isayinwe ukusebenza ngo-1929, iSivumelwano seWarsaw sanikezela isicwangciso sokuqala semigangatho yebhitima yezobuchwephesha. Ngenxa yokuba imithetho yeNgqungquthela yachitshiyelwa e-Hague ngo-1955 naseMontreal ngowe-1975, inkundla ezinye zazijonga iindibano zangaphambili njengento ehlukeneyo kwezi zihlomelo zilandelayo.
Indibano yokuqala yabekwe endaweni eninzi amalungelo aqinisekisiwe abo bonke abahambi baye bawaqonda namhlanje. Iintlanganiso zeWarsaw zibeka umgangatho wokukhupha iitikiti zomzimba kubo bonke abahamba ngomoya, kunye nelungelo lokukhangela ithikithi kwimithwalo ethembekileyo kwiinqwelo-moya ukuhanjiswa kwendawo yokugqibela yokuhamba.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi, i-Warsaw Convention (kunye nezilungiso ezilandelayo) zibeka umonakalo kwabahambi xa kwenzeka imeko enzima kakhulu.
Iindibano zeWarsaw zibeka umlinganiselo wokuba uxanduva lweenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya ezinomthwalo wazo. Amazwe asayinayo yeNgqungquthela, iifowuni ezisebenza kulawo mazwe zixanduva lwe-17 Special Drawing Rights (SDR) nganye nge kilogram yemithwalo ekhethiweyo ilahlekileyo okanye ichithekele. Oku kuya kulungiswa kamva eMontreal ukufaka i-$ 20 nganye ngeekhigram yeempahla ezikhethiweyo ezilahlekileyo okanye zonakaliswe kulawo mazwe angabhaliswanga ngeenguqulelo ze-1975. Ukuze ufumane imali eqinisekisiwe yiNdibano yeWarsaw, ibango kufuneka lihanjiswe phambili kwiminyaka emibili yokulahleka.
Ukongezelela, iSivumelwano seWarsaw senza umgangatho wokuzilimala kwabasemsebenzini ngenxa yesiganeko sokuqhubela phambili. Abo baqhubi babulala okanye babulawa xa behamba ngeenqwelo-moya eziqhelekileyo bangaba nelungelo lokufikelela kuma-SDR angama-16,600, aguqulwe kwimali yabo.
I sibano seMontreal
Ngo-1999, iSivumelwano saseMontreal sithatha indawo kwaye sacacisa ngakumbi ukukhuselwa kwabahambi ngeeNdibano zeWarsaw. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 2015, amalungu angama-108 e-International Civil Aviation Organisation asayinwe kwiNgqungquthela yaseMontreal, emele ngaphezu kwesigamu seLungu loMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Ngaphantsi kweNgqungquthela yaseMontreal, abahambi bafumana uncedo olongezelelweyo phantsi komthetho, ngelixa belwandisa amalungelo athile kwiinqwelo-moya. Iinqwelo-moya ezisebenza kwiintlanga ezisayine kwiNgqungquthela yaseMontreal zibophezelekile ukuba zithwale i-inshorensi yemfanelo kwaye zijongene nemonakalo ephakanyiswayo kubagibeli xa behamba kwi-airline yabo. Iimpahla eziqhelekileyo ezisebenza kumazwe angama-109 zibophezelekile ubuncinane kwi-1131 ye-SDR yemonakalo kwiimeko zokulimala okanye ukufa. Ngoxa abahambi banokufumana impindiselo enkundleni, iinqwelo-moya ziyakunqanda loo monakalo ukuba ziyakubonisa ukuba umonakalo ungabangelwa ngqo ngumbutho wendiza.
Ukongezelela, iNgqungquthela yaseMontreal ibeke umonakalo ngokulahlekelwa okanye ukutshabalalisa imithwalo esekelwe kwicandelo ngalinye. Abahambi banelungelo lokufumana ubuninzi be-1,131 i-SDR ukuba imithwalo ilahlekile okanye ingatshatyalaliswa ngenye indlela.
Ukongezelela, iifayili zifuneka ukuba zihlawule abahambi ngeendleko ngenxa yemithwalo engafanelekanga.
Indlela yohambo lwe-Intshurensi echaphazelekayo yiiNdibano
Nangona iNgqungquthela yaseMontreal inikezela ngokukhuseleka okuqinisekileyo, amaninzi amaninzi ayifaki indawo ye-inshurensi yokuhamba. Kukho iinkcukacha ezininzi zokukhusela abahambahambayo abanokufuna ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo we-inshurensi yohambo ungabonelela.
Ngokomzekelo, ezininzi iinkqubo ze-inshorensi zokuhamba zinikela ngokufa ngengozi kunye nokuxhamla ukuxhamla xa uhamba nge-carrier. Ukufa ngokukhawuleza nokudibanisa kuqinisekisa ukuhlawula ukufikelela kumda womgaqo-nkqubo xa kwenzeka ukuba umhambi ulahlekelwe ubomi okanye isigxina xa ehamba ngeenqwelo-moya.
Ukongezelela, nangona umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa kwempahla ekhutshweyo ikhuselwe, imithwalo ngamanye amaxesha ibaluleke ngakumbi kunamalungiselelo angaphezulu. Inkoliso ye-inshorensi enkulu yokuhamba ihamba nenzuzo yokulahlekelwa kwemithwalo, xa kwenzeka ukuba imithwalo ithatyathwa okwesikhashana okanye ilahlekelwe ngokupheleleyo. Abahambi abaphethe imithwalo yabo balahlekile banokufumana isinxephezelo imihla ngemihla njengoko umthwalo wabo usukile.
Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kweeNdibano zeWarsaw neMontreal, abahambi bangaqonda ama lungelo abanalo xa behamba. Oku kuvumela abahambi ukuba benze izigqibo ezingcono kunye nokuma ngakumbi amandla xa ukuhamba kwabo kuhamba kakubi.