I-Wall yaseHadrian yaphawula umda osempumalanga woBukumkani baseRoma. Kwatyula malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-80, ngaphaya kwentamo emncinci yephondo laseRoma laseBrithaniya, ukusuka kwiNorth Sea ngasempuma ukuya kwii-ports zaseSolway Firth ze-Irish Sea eWest. Kwawela ezinye zeendawo ezihle kakhulu, ezihle kakhulu eNgilandi.
Namhlanje, malunga neminyaka engama-2 000 emva kokuba yakhiwe, yi-Heritage Site ye-UNESCO kunye nesithandwa esithandwa kakhulu kwezokuvakasha eNyakatho yeNgilandi.
Isixa esinqabileyo saso sihlala - kwiinqaba kunye nakwiindawo zokuhlala, "kwiinqaba zemizi" kunye nezindlu zokuhlambela, iindawo zokubhukuda, iindawo zokuhamba kunye neengalo ezide, ezingaphazamisekiyo zodonga ngokwayo. Abaveleli banokuhamba ngendlela, umjikelo okanye ukuqhuba ukufikelela kwiindawo ezininzi zokungcebeleka, ukutyelela iimyuziyam ezinomdla kunye nezinto zakudala, okanye uthabathe ibhasi eyazinikezelayo - indlela ye-AD122 - kunye nayo. Iimbali zembali yamaRoma ziyakwazi ukuba inombolo yendlela yebhasi njengomnyaka owakhelwe ngayo uHoldrian Wall.
Udonga lwe-Hadrian: Imbali emfutshane
AmaRoma ayekade ehlala eBrithani ukususela kwi-AD 43 kwaye aqhutyelwe eSkotland, aphumelela kwizizwe zaseScotland, ngo-AD 85. Kodwa amaScots ahlala eyingxaki kwaye ngo-AD 117, xa uMlawuli uHadrian efika, wagunyaza ukwakha udonga ukuhlanganisa kwaye ikhusele umda weNtshonalanga. Ufikile ukuyihlola ngo-AD 122 kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ngumhla owenzelwe imvelaphi yayo kodwa, kwimeko enokwenzeka, yaqala ekuqaleni.
Yayilandela indlela yendlela engaphambili yaseRoma kulo lonke ilizwe, iStanegate, kunye neenqaba zayo ezininzi kunye nezithuba zengqungquthela ezazikho ngaphambili ngaphambi kokuba udonga lwakhiwe. Nangona kunjalo, uHadrian udla ngokufumana yonke i-credit. Kwaye enye yezinto zakhe ezintsha kwakunokudalwa kwamasango othungelwano eludongeni ukwenzela ukuba iintlawulo kunye neerhafu ziqokelelwe kubantu abahlala emida kwimida yeemarike.
Kwathatha amaGrike amathathu aseRoma - okanye amadoda angama-15 000-iminyaka eyisithandathu ukugqiba impumelelo ebunjineli, kwimimandla emigxobhozo, ezintabeni, emifula nemifula, kunye nokwandisa ulwandle lwamanxweme.
Kodwa amaRoma sele ejongene noxinzelelo oluvela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo. Ngelo xesha bakha udonga, ubukhosi bube sele buyehla. Bazama ukunyathela ngasenyakatho ukuya eSkotland baze bawashiya ngokukhawuleza udonga ngelixa bakha elinye iikhilomitha ezili-100 kumntla. I-Antonine Wall eScotland ayizange ibe neyona nto ingaphezu kweyakhiwo engama-kilomitha ezingama-37 ubude emhlabeni ngaphambi kokuba amaRoma abuyele kwiHoldrian Wall.
Kwiminyaka engama-300 kamva, ngo-410 AD, amaRoma ayedlulile kwaye udonga lwaluye lwashiywa. Ngexesha elithile, abalawuli bendawo bahlala begcina izikhundla zeteksi kunye nokuqokelelwa kwentela kwendawo eludongeni, kodwa kungekudala, yaba yinto engaphezulu kweyakhe imithombo yokwakha eyenziwe. Ukuba u tyelela iidolophu ngaphesheya kweso sithuba seNgilani, uza kubona iimpawu zokugqoka i-granite yamaRoma ezindongeni zangexesha elide kunye nolwakhiwo loluntu, amakhaya, kunye neenqwelo zamatye kunye nezicwangciso. Kuyamangalisa ukuba ininzi yeHoldrian Wall yakhona ukuba uyibone.
Uphi na indlela yokuyijonga
Abavakatye kwiRonga likaHadrian banokukhetha ukuhamba kunye nodonga ngokwabo, ukutyelela amaziko anomdla kunye neemyuziyamu kunye nodonga okanye ukudibanisa imisebenzi emibini.
Oko ukhetha kuya kuxhomekeka, mhlawumbi ngentshisekelo yakho kwimiphumo yangaphandle.
Ukuhamba Kwindonga: Uluhlu olungcono lweendonga zaseRoma luphakathi kwiphondo kunye ne-Hadrian Wall Wall, i-Long Distance National Trail. Izithuba ezinde kakhulu ziphakathi kwe-Birdoswald yaseRoma yaseRoma kunye ne-Sycamore Gap. Kukho ukufikelela kwindonga ecaleni kweCawfields ne-Steel Rigg e-Northumberland National Park. Ininzi yale ndawo yinkqubo enokukhohlisa, ebonakaliswe nzima. imozulu eguquguqukayo kunye neenduli ezincinci kwiindawo. Ngenhlanhla, umendo unokwahlukana ngezantsi kunye neesetyhula-phakathi kweendawo zokuhamba ngebhasi ye-AD122, mhlawumbi. Ibhasi ihamba ukusuka ekuqaleni kuka-Matshi ukuya ekupheleni kwe-Oktobha (ekuqaleni nokuphela kwexesha kubonakala ngathi iyatshintsha minyaka yonke, ngoko ke ukhangele i-timetable ye-intanethi).
Kuyeke ukuyeka kodwa iya kumisa ukuhamba nabahambahambayo naphi na ukukhuselekile ukwenza njalo.
Intlangano yezokhenketho i-Hadrian Wall Wall Country, ishicilela incwadana enokubaluleka, ekhutshwe kakhulu ngokuhamba ngeHadrian Wall ehlanganisa ezininzi iimephu ezilula, ezilula ukusebenzisa iibhasi, ihostele kunye neendawo zokuhlala, ukupakisha, indawo yokubeka indawo, indawo zokutya nokusela kunye nezindlu zokuhlala. Ukuba uceba uhambo lokuhamba kule ndawo, ngokuqinisekileyo ukhuphela le ncwadana enhle kakhulu, ekhululekile, enemifanekiso engama-44.
Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili: I- Hadrian's Cycleway, inxalenye yeNational Cycle Network, eboniswe njenge-NCR 72 ngemiqondiso. Akusiyo intaba yebhayisikili yeentaba ngoko ayikulandeli udonga ngaphezu kwendawo engokwemvelo, kodwa isebenzisa iindlela ezivulekileyo kunye neendlela ezincinane zezithuthi ezikufutshane. Ukuba ufuna ukubona udonga, kufuneka ukhusele ibhasikidi kwaye uhambe kuyo.
Iimpawu eziphawulekayo: Ukuhamba eludongeni kumnandi kubantu abanomdla ngaphandle kodwa ukuba unomdla kumaRoma emngceleni osenyakatho wolawulo lwawo, uya kufumana amaninzi amaninzi e-archaeological kunye namanqaku omhlaba odongeni nakwanelisayo. Abaninzi banokupaka kwaye banokufikeleleka ngemoto okanye kwindawo yebhasi. Uninzi lugcinwa yiNational Trust okanye iLifa leMveli (rhoqo ngokubini kunye) kunye nezinye zineentlawulo zokumkelwa. Ezi zizona zilungileyo:
- I-Birdoswald I-Fort Fort yindawo yeselula esideleyo esideleyo esalula. Udonga lwangaphandle olukhuselekileyo lwe-fort ngokwalo lulo lugcinwe kakhulu kulunye udonga luze lufake yonke indawo yendawo, kuquka iigranari kunye neesithandathu ezintandathu zayo zokuqala. Isayithi iye yavelisa ubungqina obuhle bokudala bezinto zakudala zezinto eziye zenzeka kwiHoldrian Wall xa amaRoma ephuma eBrithani. Amava amatsha amashishini kunye nezibonelelo, ezakhiwe ngokutshala imali eyi-£ 1.3 yezigidi, ezivulelekileyo kuluntu ngo-2018. Ziquka umboniso omtsha ovumela iindwendwe ukuba zihambe kwihlabathi lomkhosi wamaRoma, i-cafe, ivenkile kunye negumbi lentsapho imisebenzi ejongene nentsapho.
- Vula ukususela ngo-Matshi 30 ukuya kuSeptemba 30, ngo-10 ukuya kwe-6 ntambama ukusuka ngo-Oktobha 1 ukuya kuNovemba 4 ukuya ku-5 ntambama. Ukususela ngoNovemba 5 ukuya kuMatshi 29, i-Birdoswald iphela ngeveki evulekileyo. Ukwamkelwa kwabadala ngaphandle koNcedo lwe-Gift kuyinto £ 6.50; Iikitikiti zentsapho kunye neentsapho kwakunye nokunikezelwa kwempahla zikhoyo. Isiza sifakwe kwiNgesi yeLifa leMveli kwiiNtlabathi .
- I-Chesters yase-Fort Fort kunye neMyuziyam, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-30 ukusuka ekupheleni kwintshona, kuyona nto igcinwe iRussia. Indlu yokuhlambela, kufuphi neTyne umthakazeliso, kunye neendonga ezigcinwe ukuphakama kokuqala kwemigodi kwezinye iindawo. Kukho izindlu kunye nomninimzi we-colonaded house kunye nomyuziyam obalaseleyo onokufumanisa i-archaeological site. Esinye isizathu sokuba iChesters isilondolozwe kakuhle kukuba yayikhuselekile kubaphangi bamatye kwaye ilinywa ngumnini-mhlaba wendawo, uJohn Clayton, owenza izicathulo kunye nokukhusela isayithi (kunye nabanye abafumene eludongeni) umsebenzi wakhe wobomi. Kwakuyiminyaka emide yexesha, ngekota ye-19 ukuya malunga ne-20, ukususela ngo-1792 ukuya ku-1890.
- Iiyure zokuvula zifana nezo ze-Birdoswald Fort Fort, ngasentla. Ukwamkelwa kwabantu abadala, ngaphandle koNcedo lwe-Gift ngu-£ 7; Iikitikiti zentsapho kunye neentsapho kwakunye nokunikezelwa kwempahla zikhoyo. Isiza sifakwe kwiNgesi yeLifa leMveli kwiiNtlabathi .
- Idolophu yaseRoma yaseCorbridge. Kwixesha elingama-350 leminyaka, uCorbridge washintsha ngokusuka kwimikhosi yamaRoma eya kwiedolophu ezikhulayo apho kwakukho abantu bezobuhlanga abavela kuzo zonke iindawo zobukhosi. Ngo-2018, iindwendwe ziyakubona iziqhamo ze-£ 575,000 ukutshala imali kumboniso omtsha zenza umxholo ophumayo kwizinto ezingaphezu kwe-150,000 ezifunyanwe kwisayithi. Iqoqo le-Corbridge yokuqokelela imveliso yenye yezona zinkulu kwiinkcukacha zeLifa leMveli. Ubuncinane i-20 ekhulwini yeCorbridge Collection, iiglasi, iibumbi, izityebhe kunye nezemihlobiso yomntu, ayizange ibonakale esidlangalaleni ngaphambili. Isayithi malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-19 entshonalanga yeNewcastle-on-Tyne nge-A69. Kukho iinkonzo zebhasi ezivela kwisixeko kunye nedolophana laseHexham. Idolophu yanamhlanje yeCorbridge inikwe izitimela kunye nesitishi malunga nomzuzu ongama-20 ukusuka kwindawo yamaRoma. Kukho indawo yokupaka ekhululekile kwindawo kunye nokupaka okukhululekile kwidolophu yanamhlanje, malunga neekhilomitha kunye nekota.
- Iiyure zokuvula zifana ne-Birdoswald ne-Chesters, ngasentla. Ukwamkelwa kwabadala yi-£ 7.60, kunye nomntwana, ithikithi lentsapho kunye nokunikezelwa okukhoyo kunye nokufakwa kwiPasa labaTyeleli bee-Overseas. Ngethuba lokubhalwa (ngoMatshi 24, 2018) indawo yamyuziyamu yavalwa ukulungiselela umboniso omtsha. Kuze kube ngu-Apreli 27, 2018., xa kucwangciselwe ukuvulwa kwakhona, ixabiso lokungeniswa lokunciphisa liya kusebenza.
- Iintlanzi zaseRome Fort, inqaba epheleleyo yeRoma eBrithani, iphephe kwiNtaba yeSizwe yaseNorthernhumberland kufuphi ne-Bardon Mill / Haydon Bridge okanye i-Haltwhistle izitishi. Isikhundla sayo esiphakamileyo sinika imibono emangalisayo kwilizwe elikufutshane, kwaye ngasempumalanga kwodonga olusenyakatho, inqwaba yeHoldrian Wall. Amabutho amaRoma angama-800 ahlala kwaye asebenza kwiiNdlu zezindlu. Abenamahloni ngobuqili babo; Ngokutsho kweLifa leMveli elikulo, kunye neSizwe seTrust, liphethe kwaye lilawula indawo leyo, igama le-original ye-fort, i-Vercovicium, lithetha "indawo yabaqhubi abasebenzayo" Isiza sinezindlu zokukhusela, isibhedlele, indlu yinduna kunye nezindlu zangasese zangasese. I-museum kwiziko libonisa indlela i-fort kunye nedolophu yasekuhlaleni eyakhelene nayo. Kukho iZiko leziTye leSizwe lokuTyelela ngeendawo zokuphucula. Le sayithi idinga iqela elithile lomzimba njengoko ukuhamba kweminithi eyi-10 ukusuka kwiZiko leMvakatye ukuya kwi-fort ngokwayo kuchazwa ngokuthi "kunzima."
- Iiyure zokuvula , iimeko zokungena kunye nokusetyenziswa kweLifa leLifa leMveli kwiiNtlabathi Abavakatyeli Abapasa bafana nezinye iindawo zesiLungu zamaGugu ezidongeni. Ukwamkelwa kwabantu abadala abakwii-£ 7.80.
Iindwendwe zeHadrian Wall
I-Hadrian's Wall Ltd inikeza iindwendwe kunye nekhefu elifutshane kunye nodongeni, ukususela ngosuku olulodwa, i-safari ezine-wheel-drive kunye nokuyeka kwiindawo eziphambili eludongeni ukuya kwiindawo ezimbini okanye ezintathu ukuhlala okufutshane kwi-cottage kunye ne-safaris, ukuhamba okanye ukuhamba ngokuhamba kunye nokuhamba kweemoto kunye nokuqokelela. Izinketho zeenkampani zilungele ukuba nabani na abangafuni ukuhamba imida ehleliweyo imihla ngemihla okanye ngubani oxhalabileyo ngokuhamba imimitha emide kwiindawo ezinqabileyo, ezinomoya. Amanani (ngo-2018) avela kuma-£ 250 ukuya kumaqela angama-6 ukuya kwelinye ilanga ngosuku lokufika kwi-£ 275 ngomntu ngamnye ngobusuku obuthathu, phakathi kweeekhefu ezifutshane kunye ne-safaris kunye nokuhamba okuhambayo.
Izwe likaHadrian Wall, i-website yegosa esemthethweni yezoshishino, ezikhangayo kunye nemimandla engqonge ubude be-Hadrian's Wall, igcina uluhlu lwabaqeqeshi abafanelekileyo nabacetywayo abakhenkethi abanokuvakatyelela eludongeni olunentsingiselo, oluzonwabisa kunye olukhuselekileyo.
Yintoni enye kufuphi
Phakathi kweNewcastle / iGateshead ngasempumalanga kunye neCarlisle ngasentshonalanga, le yindawo enqabileyo egcwele iinqaba, ukucwanwa, iimpawu eziphambili kunye namaRoma eza kuthatha amagama angamawaka amaninzi ukuba abhaleliswe bonke. Kwakhona, khangela i-website ye-Hadrian's Wall Country iwebhusayithi, ulwazi olufanelekileyo kunye novimba bezonxibelelwano ngezinto zokwenza kuzo zonke izinto ezikuloo ndawo.
Kodwa, enye "kufuneka ityelele" indawo yindawo yamaRoma yaseVindolanda iMyuziyam yoMkhosi yamaRoma, isakhiwo somsebenzi wezinto zakudala, indawo yokufundisa kunye nokukhangela kwintsapho engekude nodonga. Njalo ihlobo, i-archaeologists ifumanisa izinto eziphawulekayo kule nqanawa yokuhlala i-Hadrian Wall kwaye yahlala njengendawo yokusebenza kuze kube yile nkulungwane ye-9, iminyaka engama-400 emva kokuba udonga lushiywe. I-Vindolanda yayisisiseko kunye neendawo zokuhlaziya amajoni kunye nabasebenzi abakha iWoldrian Wall.
Phakathi kwezi ndawo ezikhethileyo zeendawo ziyi-tablet ye-Vindolanda yokubhala. Amacwecwe, amacwecwe amacwecwe afunyenwe ngumbumba kunye neenkcukacha, ngaba yimimiselo endala yokubhala ngesandla eyayifumaneka eBrithani. Ivakaliswe ngugqirha kunye noluntu ngokuthi "i-Treasury Top Treasure yaseBrithani", iingcamango neemvakalelo kula maxwebhu zibubungqina kwiinkcukacha zemihla ngemihla yobomi bamahlaya aseRoma kunye nabasebenzi. Izibhengezo zokuzalwa, izimemo zeqela, izicelo zokuthunyelwa kweentsimbi kunye neesokisi ezifudumele zibhalwa ngamagqabi amancinci, afana namaphepha enkuni, awangqongqo kwiminyaka engama-2 000 ngokungcwatyelwa kwindawo ekhululekile. Akukho nto enye into efana nale macwecwe kwihlabathi. Uninzi lwamacwecwe lugcinwa kwiMyuziyam yaseBrithani eLondon, kodwa ukususela ngo-2011, ngenxa yokutshala imali kweebhiliyoni ezininzi, ezinye zeeleta sele zibuyiselwe kwiVindolanda, apho ziboniswa khona kwimeko enqamlekileyo. UVindolanda unobungane bentsapho, kunye nemisebenzi, iifilimu, imibukiso kunye nethuba lokubona nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimibutho yezinto ezichanileyo zonke ihlobo. Isayithi iqhutywa yintembeko yokuzithemba kunye nokwamkelwa kubizwa.