I-Khat isityalo esinobuhlungu obuye sahlaselwa kwaye sithandana nabantu kangangeminyaka emininzi kwiPhondo le-Afrika kunye ne-Arabia Peninsula. Inokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiSomalia, i- Djibouti , i- Ethiopia kunye neengingqi zaseKenya, kwaye ithandwa kakhulu kwiYemen. Kule nawa mazwe, uya kufumana isityalo sithengiswa ngokukhululekile kwiimarike ezivulekileyo kwaye zichithe ngokufanayo rhoqo njengekhofi kumazwe aseNtshona.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona ixhaphake kwiindawo zaseAfrika naseMiddle East, i-khat yinto elawulwayo kwezinye iindawo ezininzi. Yiyo ingongqinano enkulu, kunye neengcali ezichaza njengento evuselelekileyo yentlalo kunye nabanye abayibiza ngokuba yi-amphetamine.
Imbali kaKhat
Umvelaphi we-khat usetyenziso olucacileyo, nangona ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba zaqala e-Ethiopia. Kungenzeka ukuba ezinye iindawo zisebenzise i-khat okanye i-cookie okanye ngoncedo olungokomoya ngamawaka eminyaka; kunye namaYiputa aseMandulo kunye namaSuf asebenzisa isityalo ukuze abonise isimo sengqondo esifana nabo esenza ukuba bathethe ngokusondeleyo kunye noothixo babo. U-Khat ubonakala (kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo) kwimisebenzi yabalobi abaninzi bembali, kuquka uCharles Dickens; ngubani ngo-1856 wachaza esithi " la magqabi ahlafunwa, kwaye asebenze kwimimoya yalabo abasebenzisayo, njengokuba isitya esinamandla setiyi eluhlaza eYurophu".
Ukusetyenziswa kwamhlanje
Namhlanje, i-khat iyaziwa ngamagama amaninzi ahlukeneyo, kuquka kat, qat, ingxoxo, i-Kafta, i-Abyssinian Tea, i-Miraa ne-Tea Bushman. Amaqabunga amasha kunye neentonga zivunwa kwi- Catha edulis shrub, kwaye mhlawumbi zihlaziyiweyo zitshintshile okanye zomile kwaye zifakwe kwiiyi. Indlela yangaphambili yinto enamandla kakhulu, ihambisa isilinganiselo esiphezulu se-plant eyaziwayo njenge-cathinone.
I-Cathinone idla ngokufaniswa nama-amphetamines, okwenza okufanayo (nangona kunjalo). Ezi zibandakanya uvuyo, ukuvuya, ukuvusa, ukuthetha, ukuzithemba nokwanda.
I-Khat iye yaba yimboni yezigidi ezili-dollar. E-Yemen, ingxelo yeBhanki yehlabathi kwipapashwe ngo-2000 iqikelele ukuba isityalo sabiza i-30% yoqoqosho lwelizwe. Enyanisweni, ukulima kwe-khat eYemen kuxhaphake kangangokuba ukunkcenkceshela kweefama ze-khat nakho kubandakanya ama-40% eencwadi zamanzi. I-Khat isebenzise ngoku ixhaphake kakhulu kunokuba imlando. I-Catha edulis izihlahla manje zivela ngokwemvelo kwiindawo zaseMzantsi Afrika (kuquka uMzantsi Afrika, iSwaziland kunye neMozambique), ngelixa iimveliso zayo zithunyelwa kwiindawo ezihlala kwilizwe lonke.
Imiphumo emibi
Ngowe-1980, i-World Health Organization (i-WHO) ibeka khat njenge "iziyobisi zokusetyenziswa gadalala," kunye nefuthe leempembelelo ezibi ezingalindelekanga. Ezi ziquka ukuziphatha komntu kunye nokunyanzeliswa, ukunyuka kwenani lentliziyo kunye neengcinezelo zegazi, ukulahleka kwesidlo, ukulala, ukudideka nokuqhawulwa. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba xa kusetyenziswa ixesha elide, khat ingabangela ukudandatheka kunye nokwanda komngcipheko wokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo; kwaye ingabangela ingxaki yeengqondo yengqondo kulabo sele benabo.
Akunakuthatyathwa ukuba ngumlutha ngakumbi, kwaye abo bayeke ukuwusebenzisa akunakwenzeka ukuba baphuphe ngokomzimba.
Kukho imbambano eninzi ngenxa yobubi beempembelelo zikaK khat, kunye nabasebenzisi abaninzi bemihla ngemihla besithi ukusetyenziswa rhoqo akuyingozi nakakhulu kunokuzithoba kwi-caffeine yakho yemihla ngemihla. Uninzi lwabagxeki bezinto ezichaphazelekayo zichaphazelekayo ngokusetyenziswa kwe khat. Ngokomzekelo, ukunyuka kwenyuka kunye nokunciphisa ukuvimba kunokucatshulwa kukukhokelela kwithuba elikhulu logonyo olungaphephile kunye / okanye ukukhulelwa okungafunekiyo. Ngokukodwa, i-khat yinkcazelo ebalulekileyo kwimali yoluntu engenayo imali encinci yokuyikhusela. E-Djibouti, kuqikelelwa ukuba abasebenzisi be-khat rhoqo basebenzisa i-budget yesiqingatha sabo sekhaya kwisityalo; imali engasetyenziswe kangcono kwimfundo okanye kwizempilo.
Ngaba Kusemthethweni?
I-Khat isemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi ePhondo lase-Afrika nakwi-Arabia Peninsula, kuquka i-Ethiopia, iSomalia, i-Djibouti, iKenya ne-Yemen. Akukho mthethweni e-Eritrea, kwaye eMzantsi Afrika (apho isityalo ngokwalo luhlobo olukhuselweyo). I-Khat iphinde ivinjelwe kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu-kuquka iNetherlands kunye nangoko kutshanje, iUnited Kingdom, eyabhala loo nto njengezidakamizwa zeClass C ngo-2014. ECanada, khat iyinto elawulwayo (kuthetha ukuba akukho mthethweni ukuthenga ngaphandle imvume yonyango). EUnited States, i-cathinone yiShedyuli yeShedyuli, ngokukhawuleza inikeza khat ngokungekho mthethweni. I-Missouri neCalifornia ziyakwenqabela ngokukodwa khat kunye ne-cathinone.
I-NB: Ukuveliswa kwe-Khat kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nobugorha, kunye nemali eyenziwa ngokuthengiswa ngaphandle kwemveliso kunye nokuthengisa okucinga ukuxhasa amaqela afana ne-al-Shabaab, iseli eliseSomalia elise-Al-Qaeda. Nangona kunjalo, oku akukafuneka kuqinisekiswe.
Eli nqaku lahlaziywa kwaye libhalwa kwakhona yingxenye nguJessica Macdonald ngoFebruwari 5 ka-2018.