Indoda enamandla kakhulu eMzantsi Melika - ngomhla wakhe
USimón Bolívar wayengumntu onzima. Wayeyindalo efanelekileyo, i-aristocrat ekhuselekileyo kwifa lakhe kunye nesimo sakhe, indoda efundiswe kakuhle kunye nomxhongo-ocinga ngokuthanda izinto ezenziwe ngendlela yakhe, umboniso kunye noguquko.Wazalelwa ngoJulayi 24, 1783 eCaracas, unyana wezobuchwephesha abenza kakuhle, unike uJuan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte nomkakhe, doña Maria de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco, kunye neminyaka yakhe yokuqala yazaliswa nazo zonke iingenelo butyebi kunye nesimo.
AbaTutors banikezela umgangatho obalaseleyo kwii-classical, kubandakanywa nembali kunye nenkcubeko yeRoma yaseRoma kunye neGrisi, kunye nemigaqo ye-neo-classic eyaziwayo eYurophu ngelo xesha, ngakumbi i-European philosophers uJean Jacques Rousseau.
Abazali bakhe bafa xa wayeneminyaka engama-9, kwaye uSimón osemncinci wasala ekunakekeleni ubunqunu bakhe, uCarlos no-Esteban Palacios. UCarlos Palacios wamvusa kwada kwaze kwaba nelishumi elinesihlanu, ngelo xesha wathunyelwa eYurophu ukuba aqhubeke nemfundo kunye no-Esteban Palacios. Endleleni, wema eMexico, apho wamangalisa khona iViceroy ngeengxoxo zakhe zokuzimela ngaphandle kweSpain.
ESpeyin, wadibana waza wathandana kakhulu noMaria Teresa Rodríguez del Toro yAlaysa wamtshata ngo-1802, xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesithoba. Baya eVenezuela kunyaka olandelayo, isigqibo esibulalayo, ngokuba uMaria Teresa wabulawa yi-yellow fever ngaphambi kokuba unyaka uphume. Heartbroken, uSimón wathembisa ukuba akayi kuphinda aphinde ashade, isibhambathiso awagcina kuso bonke ubomi bakhe.
Ebuyela eSpain ngo-1804, uSimón wabona ngokubonakalayo imeko yezopolitiko xa uNapoleon ememezela ukuba nguMbusi waza wabeka umntakwabo uJoseph kwisihlalo sobukhosi saseSpain. Ukuxhatshazwa kukaNapoleon ukuguqulwa kwesimo sakhe saseRiphabliki sangaphambilini, uSimón wahlala eYurophu, ehamba, efaka ubungqina benguqu ekubuyiseni ubukumkani kunye nobukhosi.
KwakuseItaly ukuba wenza isifungo sakhe esidumileyo sokuba angaphinde aphumle ade uMzantsi Melika akhululeke.
Xa ebuyela eVenezuela, uSimón waya eUnited States, apho akungabazeki ukuba wabona ukuhluka phakathi kwelizwe elitsha elizimeleyo kunye neenkoloni zaseSpain eMzantsi Melika. Ngo-1808, iVenezuela yamemezela ukuzimela kwayo evela eSpeyin noAndrés Bello, uLuis López Mendez noSimón bathunyelwa eLondon ngesithunywa sezopolitiko. USimón Bolívar wabuyela eVenezuela ngoJuni 3, 1811 kwaye ngo-Agasti wenza intetho efuna ukuzimela. Wathatha inxaxheba ekulweni yaseValencia phantsi komyalelo kaFrancisco de Miranda, owaziwa ngokuba nguPrecursor. UMiranda naye wazalwa eCaracas, ngo-1750, waza wajoyina umkhosi waseSpain. Wayeyindoda enolwazi, elwa e-American Revolution kunye neFrench Revolutionary Wars, kunye nenkonzo yeCatherine Catherine, ngaphambi kokujoyina imizamo yokuguqula iVenezuela ngo-1810.
U-Miranda wenza njengomlawuli wecala laseVenezuela de kube yinto yokulwa nolobukhosi baseSpain eguqula ukunqoba eValencia waza wamvalela. USimón Bolívar waya eCartagena, apho wabhala iMagagagena Manifesto apho wayephikisana nentsebenziswano phakathi kweVenezuela neNew Granada ukuze bafumane ukuzimela kwabo eSpeyin.
Wayephumelele, kwaye ngenkxaso evela eNew Granada, eyayiquka iColombia, iPanama kunye nenxalenye yemihla yamhlanje yaseVenezuela, yahlasela iVenezuela. Wathatha uMerida, ngoko nguCaracas, waza wachazwa uEl Libertador . Kwakhona, impumelelo yesikhashana kwaye yaphoqeleka ukuba ibalekele eJamaica, apho yabhala incwadi eDumile evela eJamaica. Emva kokufa kukaMiranda ngo-1816, kwaye ngosizo lwaseHaiti, uBolívar wabuyela eVenezuela ngo-1817 waza waqhubeka elwa.
Imfazwe yaseBhoca ngo-Agasti 7, 1819 yayiyinkolelo enkulu eBolívar kunye nemikhosi yakhe. I-Angostura Congress yasungula iGran Colombia kumazwe anamhlanje aseVenezuela, eColombia, ePanama nase-Ecuador. UBolívar wabizwa ngokuba ngumongameli kwaye waqhubeka ekwandisa ukuzimela ngokuqhubekayo kunye neAntonio José de Sucre, umkhosi wezempi owayesebenza njengelungu le-lieutenant; UFrancisco Antonio Zea, umongameli-ngameli kusukela ngo-1819 ukuya ku-1821; kunye noFrancisco de Paula Santander, umongameli we-1821 ukuya ku-1828.
Ngeli xesha, uSimón Bolívar wayesendleleni eya ekubeni yindoda enamandla eMzantsi Melika.
Kwiminyaka elandelayo emva kweMfazwe yaseBhocaca, ukulawulwa kweSpanish kwayiswa kwaye i-royalists yatshatyalaliswa. Ngo-May 23, 1822, u-Antonio Antonio de Sucre watshintsha ngokugqithiseleyo kwi-Battle of Pichincha ngoMeyi 23, 1822.
USimón Bolívar kunye nabaphathi bakhe ngoku baphendukela kwelizantsi eMzantsi Melika. Walungiselela imikhosi yakhe ukukhulula iPeru. Wakha intlanganiso eGuayaquil, e-Ecuador, ukuxoxa ngeqhinga kunye noJosé de San Martín owayebizwa ngokuba yiLeberator of Chile kunye noMkhuseli wasePeru, kunye neN Knight ye-Andes neSanto de la Espada ukuphumelela kwakhe e-Argentina kunye Tshile.
USimón Bolívar noJosé de San Martín badibana ngasese. Akukho mntu owaziyo amazwi awayetshintshisayo, kodwa umphumo wengxoxo yabo ishiywe nguSimón Bolívar njengomgadi oyintloko. Wajika amandla akhe e-Peru, kunye noSure, wawaxabisa umkhosi waseSpain kwiMfazwe yaseJunín ngo-Agasti 6, 1824. Emva kokusinqoba kweMfazwe yaseAkayacucho ngoDisemba 9, iBolivar yayifeze injongo yakhe: UMzantsi Melika wawukhululekile .
USimón Bolívar wayeyindoda enamandla kakhulu eMzantsi Melika.
Waphendukela iinzame zakhe zokuseka oorhulumente ekubunjeni wayebonise iminyaka. Ngo-Agasti ka-1825, wayekulungele. Ngomhla ka-Agasti 6, 1825, uSure wabiza iCongress of Upper Peru eyadala iPhabliki yaseBolivia ngokuhlonipha iBolívar. USimón Bolívar wabhala uMgaqo-siseko weBolivia we-1826, kodwa akazange akhiwe.
Ngo-1826, uBolívar wabiza iCongress of Panama, inkomfa yokuqala ye-hemispheric. USimón Bolívar wayebhekiselele eMzantsi Melika eManyeneyo.
Kwakungekho.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yokunyanzelisa iindlebe zatshathisa ezinye iinkokheli. Ukunyuka kwamashishini ahlukeneyo. Imfazwe yasekuhlaleni yabangela ukuchithwa kweGran Colombia kumazwe ahlukeneyo. I-Panama yayiyinxalenye yeColombia kuze kube ngo-1903.
USimón Bolívar, elandela umzamo wokubulala owayekholelwa u-Vice-Mongameli waseSandander, washiya isikhundla sakhe ngo-1828.
Ukuxhatshazwa nokukrakra, ukuhlushwa kwesifo sofuba, wasuka ebomini. Ekufeni kwakhe ngoDisemba 17, 1830, uSimón Bolívar wayezithiywe aze aqalekiswe. Isibhengezo sakhe sokugqibela sibonisa ubuhlungu bakhe xa uthetha ngokunikela ngobomi bakhe kunye nenzuzo ngenxa yenkululeko, unyango lwakhe ngeentshaba zakhe kunye nokwebiwa kwegama lakhe. Sekunjalo, uyabaxolela, aze abongoze abantu bakhe ukuba balandele imiyalelo yakhe nethemba lokuba ukufa kwakhe kuya kunciphisa iingxaki kunye nokuhlanganisa ilizwe.
Yintoni eyenzeka kumazwe uSimón Bolívar akhululwe?
UJosé Antonio Páez wayekhokela intlangano eyahlukanayo eyenziwa ngo-1830 eVenezuela. Ngethuba elikhulu lembali yalo ukususela ngoko, lo hlanga luye lwalawulwa yi- caudillos (iidemon zamajoni) ukusuka kwiklasi yokugcina umhlaba.
Jikelele uSure wakhonza njengomongameli wokuqala waseBolivia ukususela ngo-1825 ukuya ku-1828, unyaka wawaphunyuka ePeru. Waphumelela nguAndrés Santa Cruz owayesebenza njengongumphathi wezakhiwo zeBolívar. Ngo-1835, iSanta Cruz yazama ukubambisana phakathi kweBolivia nePeru ngokuhlasela i-Peru kwaye ibe ngumkhuseli wayo. Nangona kunjalo, walahlekelwa imfazwe yaseYungay ngowe-1839, wabalekela ekuthinjweni eYurophu. Iingqungquthela kunye neenguqulelo ezivela phantse minyaka yonke ziye zaphawula imbali yezopolitiko yaseBolivia.
I-Ecuador, xa ikhethwe kuqala ilizwe, yayingamaxesha amane ubukhulu ngoku. Ilahlekelwe yintsimi ekuqhubekeni kwemizabalazo emngceleni kunye neColombia kunye nePeru, ezinye zazo zisengxabano. Ulwahlulo lwezopolitiko phakathi kwabagcini be-conservatives abafuna ukulondoloza isimo se-oligarchy kunye necawa, kunye neenkululeko ezifuna ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalo, zaqhubeka kwinkulungwane elandelayo.
Iimpambano zomda we-Peru zixabene namazwe angummelwane. Umphakathi wasePeruvia wawulawulwa ngu-oligarchy ocebileyo owagcina amasiko amaninzi aseSpeyin, ewahlukanisa nabahlwempuzekileyo, ngokuyininzi kwimveli. Ukuvukela kunye nokunyanzelisa kwaba ngumgangatho wobomi bezopolitiko.
KwiColombia, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho ngokubanzi phakathi kwamaqela eentlalo ezahlukeneyo zalisa ilizwe kwiimfazwe zengqungquthela kunye nolawulo lolawulo.
Oku kwaqhubeka kwikhulu lama-20. Kwizame zokunqoba ukungquzulana kwengingqi kunye nokungafani, ilizwe linikwe uMgaqo-siseko omtsha kwaye, ngowe-1863, waphendukela kwi-Federation of nine eyaziwa ngokuba yi-United States yaseColombia.
Kungekudala emva kokufa kwakhe, udumo lukaSimón Bolívar lwabuyiselwa kwaye namhlanje uhlonishwa njengowomkhosi omkhulu waseMzantsi Afrika, i - Liberator. EVenezuela naseBolivia ukuzalwa kwakhe kubhiyozelwa njengeholide yesizwe. Izikolo, izakhiwo, abantwana, iidolophu eMzantsi Melika nakwamanye amazwe zibizwa ngokuba yiyo.
Ilifa lakhe liyaqhubeka.
Yabona ukuba uBolívar ukwenza isono, isono sisona siphumelele. Porque Bolívar tiene que hacer en América todavía.
Into eyenziwa yiBolívar yashiywe, iyakunqandwa namhlanje. I-Bolívar inezinto ezisezokwenza eMelika.
(ukuguqulelwa ngumkhokeli wakho)
Le nkcazo nguJosé Martí, umbusi waseCuban, umbongi, kunye nomlobi (1853-1895) owazinikela ngobomi bakhe ekupheliseni ubukoloniyali eCuba nakwamanye amazwe aseLatin America, namanje uyaqhubeka.
Kucingwa njengomnye wabalobi abakhulu behlabathi laseSpain, iingcamango zikaJosé Martí ziye zachaphazela ezininzi iinkokheli zezopolitiko ezazimlandela.
UMartí wayekholelwa ukuba inkululeko kunye nobulungisa kufuneka ibe yimbombo yonkxaso yurhulumente, ovakalayo ngokungahambisani neengcamango zikaSimón Bolívar ukuba kufuneka usebenze njani urhulumente. I-republicanism yaseBolívar yayisekelwe kwiminqweno yakhe, kunye nokuchazwa kwayo kwiphablikhi yaseRoma yaseRoma kunye nengcamango ye-Anglo-French yezopolitiko.
Ngokwenene, ezi zizinto eziphambili:
- Umyalelo njengento ebalulekileyo ebalulekileyo.
- Isimiselo somthetho wezitalathisi ngamagunya ahlukeneyo anamanzi ahlanganiswe
- I-Senate yelifa.
- Umzimba wabaCensors oqulunqa "igunya lokuziphatha" likarhulumente.
- Ibandla elikhethiweyo elisemthethweni.
- I-executive-term executive executive inkxaso yinkqonkqo eqinile, esebenzayo okanye abaphathiswa.
- Inkqubo yezogwebo ithathelwe amandla omthetho.
- Inkqubo yokhetho lonyulo.
- Ukuzimela kwezempi.
Ukukhula kweRiphabhliki yaseBolivaran kwizopolitiko zaseLatin American namhlanje kusekelwe kule migaqo kaSimón Bolívar kunye nesitatimende sikaMartí. Ngolonyulo lukaHugo Chavez njengomongameli waseVenezuela, kunye nokuguquka kwelizwe ukuya kwiRiphablikhi yaseBolivariya yaseVenezuela, imigaqo eminingi yeBolivar iguqulelwe kwizopolitiko zanamhlanje.
p] Ukusebenzisa isithembiso sikaBolívar se- Unidos seremos ezingenakunikwa (ubumbene, asiyi kubakhokelela), "uMongameli uCávez kunye nabalandeli bakhe abazange bafihla injongo yabo yokuguqula indawo yokutshintsha iinkokheli zendabuko zaseVenzuel kunye nokubhala imithetho emitsha yomdlalo eya kunyusa inxaxheba, ukunciphisa inkohlakalo, ukukhuthaza ubulungisa bezenhlalakahle, ukufaka usebenze ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokungafihli kwiinkqubo zikaRhulumente kunye nokukhusela okukhulu kumalungelo oluntu. "
IRiphabliki yaseBolivarian yaseVenezuela
Xa sele ephethe amandla, uMongameli Chavez wagxininisa umgaqo-siseko omtsha, apho iNqaku 1 lifunda khona:
I-Republic of Venezuela i-Bolivarian Republic yaseVenezuela iyinkululeko kwaye ayixhasekanga kwaye isekela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nenkululeko, ukulingana, ubulungisa kunye noxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ngokwemfundiso kaSimon Bolivar, iLibertador. Ukuzimela, inkululeko, ulawulo, ukukhuseleka, ukunyaniseka kwendawo kunye nelizwe ukuzimisela kwamalungelo anelungelo. " (Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, Constitución Bolivarina de Venezuela, 1999)
Ingaba iRiphablikhi yaseBolivarian yaseVenezuela iya kuphumelela ayifumananga. Kodwa into enye iqinisekile: uphuhliso phantsi komgaqo-siseko omtsha kunye neziphumo zihlolisiswa ngokucophelela.
Kwaye kukho inkcaso.