Ukuzalwa komlambo, i-rapids kunye neepaki zelizwe
Inkqubo yomlambo i-Orinoco yenye yeyona mikhulu eMzantsi Melika, ephuma kwimida esezantsi yeVenezuela neBrazil, kwilizwe lase-Amazonas. Ubungakanani obude bomlambo abukabiwo, ngokuqikelelwa phakathi kwe-1,500 ukuya kuma-1,700 mi (ubude obuyi-2,410-2,735 km), okwenza phakathi kweenkqubo ezinkulu zomlambo emhlabeni.
Umlambo wase-Orinoco umkhulu, uqikelelwe phakathi kwe-880,000 kunye ne-1,200,000 square km.
Igama elithi Orinoco lisuka kumagama aseGuarauno okuthetha "indawo yokuhlala" -e, indawo yokuhamba.
Ijikeleza ngasentshonalanga, ngasentla ngasentla, idala umngcele neColombia, ize iphendukele empumalanga iphinde ibheke iVenezuela endleleni eya e-Atlantic. Umntla we-Orinoco yiyona mininzi, iindawo eziluhlaza ezibizwa ngokuthi i- llanos . Emazantsi emlambo phantse kwisiqingatha sensimu yaseVenezuela. Iindawo ezininzi zehlathi ezitshatyalaliswayo zibandakanya isahlulo esezantsi-ntshona-ntshona, kwaye iinxalenye ezinkulu zisenakufikeleleka. I-Guiana Highlands, eyaziwa ngokuba yiGuyana Shield, ihlanganisa i-remaining. I-Guyana Shield iqulethwe ngumbombo wangaphambi kweCambriam, iminyaka engama-2.5 yezigidigidi ubudala, kunye nezinye zezona zidala kwilizwekazi. Nantsi ingqungquthela , iitatye zamatye ezikhupha ngaphandle kwe-jungle floor. I- tepuis edume kakhulu yiRoraima kunye no-Auyantepui, apho i-Angel Falls ihla khona.
Imilambo engaphezu kwe-200 yi-Orinoco enamandla enezigidi ezili-1290 (2150 km) ukusuka kumthombo ukuya kwi-delta.
Ngexesha lezimvula, umlambo ufikelela ububanzi be-13 mi (22 km) eSan Rafael de Barrancas kunye nobude obungama-330 ft (100 m). I-1000 mi (1670 km) ye-Orinoco ihamba ngomkhumbi, kwaye malunga ne-341 kwezo zinto zingasetyenziselwa ukuhamba ngeenqanawa ezinkulu.
Umlambo wase-Orinoco unemihlaba emine.
Alto Orinoco
I-Orinoco iqala kwiNtaba yaseDelgado Chalbaud, umlambo ophezulu, onqamlekileyo kunye nemifula yamanzi kunye nesimo esinzima, samahlathi. Into ephawulekayo yokuwa kule ndawo, ngo-56 ft (17 m) nguSalto Libertador. Ukuhamba, apho kunokwenzeka kule nxalenye yomlambo, kungokungqubuzana okungezantsi, okanye iinqanawa. Iikhilomitha ezingama-100 ukusuka kumthombo, owokuqala, ugugueto, ujoyina i-Orinoco. Ngaphambili, ukuhla kwehla kuyaphupha kwaye imifudlana ibe yi-rapids, ngokukhawuleza kwaye kunzima ukuhamba. Iimitha ezili-144 (ngeekhilomitha ezingama-240) ezantsi, i-High Orinoco iphelela ngee-rapa ze-Guaharibos.
I-Amazonas yilizwe elikhulu laseVenezuela, kwaye liqukethe iipaki ezimbini zelizwe ezikhulu kakhulu, iParima Tapirapecó neSerranía de la Neblina, kunye neepaki ezincinci kunye nezikhumbuzo zendalo, ezifana neCroro Autana, i- tepuy esezantsi kwePuerto Ayacucho, eyintaba engcwele yesizwe sasePiaroa abakholelwa ukuba yindawo yokuzalwa yendalo yonke.
Leli lizwe lakwabantu abaninzi, abadumileyo yiYanomani, Piaroa kunye neGugubobo. I-Puerto Ayacucho, enesiqithi-moya kunye neenqwelo zeenqwelo zokuhamba ngaphakathi nakwiCaracas kunye nezinye iidolophana, iyona ndlela ehamba phambili ebusweni. Kukho izakhenketho nezorhwebo. Ukuhlala, eyaziwa njengeenkampu, zinikela ngee-degrees ezahlukeneyo zokuthuthuzela.
Inkampu eyaziwa kakhulu yiYutajé Camp, e-Manapiare Valley empuma yePuerto Ayacucho. Inayo i-airstrip yayo kwaye ikwazi ukuhlala kubantu abangamashumi amathathu.
I-traffic kunye nangaphandle iphuma kumlambo nangomoya, kodwa iindawo zakhiwa kwaye zigcinwa, ngokukodwa ziza ku-Samariapo, iphakamileyo idlula i-rapids. Thatha le Tyelelo elungileyo kuMlambo kunye nemihlaba evela kwi-Amazonas.
Orinoco Medio
Ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezili-450 (750 km), ukusuka e-Guaharibos rapides ukuya kuma-Aps rapids, i-Orinoco iqhubela ngasentshonalanga kuze kufike umlambo waseMavaca kwaye amanzi ajika ngasentla. Ezinye iibhola ezinjenge-Ocamo zijoyina kwaye umlambo ukhululeke kuma-1320 ft (500 m) kunye neentlanzi zehlabathi zenza iziqithi ezincinane kumlambo. Imilambo yeCasiquiare ne-Esmeralda iphuma e-Orinoco ukujoyina enye ukuba yenze iRio Negro ekugqibeleni ifinyelele e-Amazon.
Umlambo weCunucunuma ujoyina, kwaye i-Orinoco vers ukuya ngasenyakatho-ntshona, emngceleni we-Guyanese Shield. Umlambo we-Ventuari uzisa isanti ngokwaneleyo ukwenza iilwandle eSan Fernando de Atabapo. Apho i-Atabapo, iGuviviare ne-Irínida imilambo ifaka ukuhamba, i-Orinoco iphakama malunga no-5000 ft (1500 m).
Ininzi yabantu base-Venezuela abemi baseMzansi bahlala ngaphakathi kwe-Orinoco River. Amaqela amdaka asemqoka afaka i-Guaica (Waica), eyaziwayo njengeGuhariharibo, neMaquiritare (iMakiritare) yeentlabathi ezisemzantsi, i-Warrau (iWarao) kwiphondo yase-delta, kunye neGuhihibo kunye neYurouro kwintshona yeLlanos. Ezi zizwana zihlala kunye nolwalamano olusondeleyo kunye nemifula yesitya, ngokuzisebenzisa njengomthombo wokutya kunye nangeenjongo zokunxibelelana. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Ukugqithiswa kwamanzi amaninzi, ukunyuka kwamanzi ukuhamba nokudala isethi entsha yamagqabi anamandla kuma-Maipures and Atures ukusuka ePuerto Ayacucho.
Le yindawo yodwa apho i-Orinoco ingekho i-navigable.
Bajo Orinoco
Ukunyuka ukusuka kuma-Atures rapids ukuya ePiacoa, le 570 km (950 km) iyamkela ubuninzi beemifula. Lapho i-Meta ijoyina khona, umlambo uphendukela ngasempuma-mpuma, kunye neCinacuro, iCapanaparo kunye ne-Apure imifula, ijika empuma. I-Manzanares, i-Iguana, i-Suata, i-Pao, i-Caris, iCaron, iParagua, iCarrao, iCaura, i-Aro kunye ne-Cuchivero imifula ifaka kwi-Orinoco.
Umlambo apha uphawule kwaye uphuza.
Eli candelo le-Orinoco lona liphuhlisiwe kwaye lihleli. Ekubeni ioli ihlaselwa phakathi nekhulu lama-20, ukukhushulwa kweentengiso, ukuthengiswa kwabantu kunye noluntu lukhulile. I-Ciudad Bolívar kunye neCiudad Guayana ziye zaphuhliswa kwizixeko ezibalulekileyo, zakhiwe phezulu ngokwaneleyo kude namanxweme omlambo ukukhusela izikhukhula.
Phakathi kweziqithi emlanjeni waseCiudad Bolívar nguAlexander von Humboldt ogama lakhe linguOriccmetro . Isebenza njengesixhobo sokulinganisa ukunyuka nokuwa komlambo. Akukho zihlandlo zonyaka kunye ne-Orinoco, kodwa ixesha lonyaka liye lithathwa njengobusika. Iqala ngo-Epreli kwaye iphela ngo-Oktobha okanye ngoNovemba. Imilambo evulela imvula evela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zithwala ingcola kunye namatye kunye nezinye izinto ezivela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ukuya kwi-Orinoco. Ayikwazi ukusingatha lo msebenzi, umlambo ukhuphuka kwaye ukhukula i- llanos kunye neendawo ezikufutshane. Ixesha eliphezulu lamanzi liqhelekile ngoJulayi, xa umgangatho wamanzi e-Ciudad Bolívar unokuhamba ukusuka kwi-40 ukuya kwi-165 ubude ubunzulu. Amanzi aqala ukuhlaziya ngo-Agasti, kwaye ngoNovemba kwakhona kwakhona kwindawo ephantsi.
Eyilwe ngo-1961, iCiudad Guayana, ngaphantsi kweCiudad Bolívar, ivelisa insimbi, i-aluminium kunye nephepha, ngenxa yombane owenziwe nguMacagua kunye noGuri ngamadama eMlambo iKaroní.
Ukukhula kwidolophu ekhula ngokukhawuleza yaseVenezuela, ityhila phezu komlambo kwaye ifakwe kwidolophana yeshumi elinesibhozo ye-San Félix ngapha nangesixeko esitsha sasePuerto Ordaz kwelinye. Kukho umgwaqo omkhulu phakathi kweCaracas neCiudad Guayana, kodwa ezininzi iimfuno zokuthutha zendawo zihlala zisetyenziswa yi-Orinoco.
Le Tyelelo oluKhenkcelayo linikeza ingcamango yomlambo kunye nokukhula kwamashishini kwilizwe laseBolívar.
Delta del Orinoco
Ummandla we-delta uhlanganisa iBarrancas nePiacoa. Unxweme lwaseAtlanti luyifom e-base yayo, i-165 mi (275 km) ubude phakathi kwePedernales kunye neGulf of Pariah ukuya ngasentla, kunye nePunta Barima kunye ne-Amacuro ngasezantsi, okwangoku ikhupha i-12,000 sq km (30,000 sq km), iyakhula ubukhulu. Ukutshintshiselwa ngobukhulu kunye nobunzulu yiMacareo, iSacupana, iAraguao, iTucupita, i-Pedernales, iziteshi zeCocuima kunye negatsha lomlambo waseGrande.
I-delta ye-Orinoco iguquka rhoqo njengoko umlambo uzisa izilwanyana ukudala nokwandisa iziqithi, utshintshe iziteshi kunye namanzi okubizwa ngokuthi i- caños . Kuqhutyelwa e-Atlantic yolwandle, kodwa njengoko i-sediment iqokelela kwaye isasaza ngaphandle, ubunzima bayo bubangela ukucima okutshintsha kwakhona indawo ye-delta. Ukurhweba kugcina iziteshi eziphambili zivulekile ukuhamba, kodwa kwiziteshi zangasemva, apho iinquma zityalo kunye neentsholongwane ziluhlaza,
I-Tortola, i-Isla de Tigre kunye ne-Mata-Mata zizinye zezona ziqithi ezaziwa bhetele kwi-delta.
I-delta del Orinoco (i-Mariusa) kwi-delta ihlanganisa iihektha ezingama-331000 zehlathi, amahlathi, ama-mangrove, iintlobo zeeflora kunye nezilwanyana. Yayikhaya leSizwe saseWarao esiqhubeka nendlela yabo yokuphila yabazingeli / abalobi. I-delta apha ifumaneke kwizenzo ezimbi kakhulu. Nanku i-cueva del Guácharo, umqolomba we-petroglyphys wangaphambi kwezinto ezifunyenwe nguHumboldt njengoko wahlola loo ndawo.
Iikampu kunye neendwendwe ezikuloo ndawo zinika iindwendwe ithuba lokuhlola ii-cañas ngesikebhe esincinci, intlanzi, ujabulele i-flora kunye ne-birding.