Ukufumaneka kummandla wonxweme waseQueensland, e-Australia, i-Great Barrier Reef yinkqubo enkulu ye-coral reef Earth. Iyakwandula ummandla malunga neekhilomitha ezili-133,000 zeekhilomitha ezili-344,400 kunye nee-reefs ezingaphezu kwama-2 900. Indawo yeLifa leMveli kusukela ngo-1981, inokubonwa ukusuka kwindawo kwaye isithonjana se-Australia esenziwa kunye ne-Ayers Rock, okanye i- Uluru . Ikhaya lezilwanyana zaselwandle ezingaphezu kwe-9,000 (ezininzi zazo zisengozini), kwaye ivelisa malunga neebhiliyoni eziyi-6 zeebhiliyoni ngokukhenketho kunye nokuloba rhoqo ngonyaka.
Naphezu kobunjani belizwe njengobuncwane belizwe, i-Great Barrier Reef iye yahlushwa kwiminyaka yamuva ngumbandela wemiba yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo-kuquka ukudoba, ukungcola nokuguquka kwemozulu. Ngo-2012, iphepha elipapashwe yiNkcazo yeSizwe seSayensi liqikelele ukuba i-system ye-reef isele ilahlekelwe isiqingatha sayo sokuqala. Ekuvukeni kweentlekele ezimbini ze-coral emva kokubuyela emva, izazinzulu ngoku zizama ukuba ingaba esinye isakhiwo esinye esakhiwa yizinto eziphilayo sinexesha elizayo.
Uphuhliso olutsha
Ngo-Apreli 2017, imithombo yeendaba ezininzi ivakalise ukuba i-Great Barrier Reef yayiphezu lokufa. Le mabango yavela kwizithende zengxelo yombutho eyenziwa yiCandelo leBhunga loPhando lase-Australia leZiko loBugcisa kwieCoral Reef Studies, elichaze ukuba i-reefs ihlaziywe ngama-800, i-20% yabonisa umonakalo wokulahlwa kwegazi. Uphando lugxininise kumgangatho wesithathu we-Great Barrier Reef system.
Iziphumo zalo zibuhlungu ngokugqithiseleyo ekuqwalaseleni ukuba isantya yesantla ye-reef system yafumana ukulahlekelwa kwama-coral ka-95% ngexesha le-episode bleaching earlier in 2016.
Ngokubambisana, iziganeko zokujikeleza ukuhamba ngegazi eziyiminyaka emibili edlulileyo ziwonakalise umonakalo onobungozi kwimigangatho yesibini ye-reef system.
Ukuqonda ukuBleaching Coral
Ukuze uqonde ubunzima bezi ganeko, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni i-coral bleaching. Izixhobo ze-Coral zenziwe ngamabhiliyoni e-polyp polyps - izidalwa eziphilileyo ezixhomekeke kubuhlobo bezilwanyana ezinjengezilwanyana ezinjenge-zooxanthellae. I-zooxanthellae inikwa ukukhuselwa yi-shells ye-coral 'yangaphandle yecolenge yangaphandle, kwaye iyakunika i-reef kunye nezondlo kunye neoksijini ezenziwe nge-photosynthesis. I-zooxanthellae inika i-coral umbala wayo oqaqambileyo. Xa ama-corals agxininiswa, axoshela i-zooxanthellae, ebanika imbonakalo emhlophe ebomvu.
Isizathu esona siqhelo soxinzelelo lwe-coral sinyuka izinga lokushisa kwamanzi. I-coral bleached ayikho i-coral efile-ukuba iimeko ezibangele uxinzelelo, ziyasuka i-zooxanthellae kwaye iipolps ziyakwazi ukubuyela. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iimeko ziyaqhubeka, iipolisi zishiywe zizifo kwaye azikwazi ukukhula okanye ukuvelisa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuphila kwangexesha elide akunakwenzeka, kwaye ukuba iipolisi ziyavunyelwa ukuba zife, amathuba okubuyiswa kwe-reef afana nawo.
Imiphumo yeziganeko zokugqibela zokugcina izibini zenziwa iminyaka emibili yenziwe yi-Cyclone Debbie, eyabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwi-Great Barrier Reef kunye nxweme laseQueensland ekuqaleni ko-2017.
Yenzeke njani Imonakalo
Iyona nto iphambili ye-coral bleaching kwi-Great Barrier Reef ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Iigesi zendawo yokushisa ezikhutshwa ngokutshiswa kwamafutha asebushelweni (zombini e-Australia kunye nakwamanye amazwe) sele ziqokelelwa ukususela ekuqaleni kwe-Industrial Revolution. Ezi gesi zibangela ukushisa okuveliswe ilanga ukuze kubanjwe ngaphakathi kwimoya yomhlaba, ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa emhlabeni nasemanzini kuwo wonke umhlaba. Njengoko kuphakama amaqondo okushisa, ngokunjalo i-coral polyps ifana nalabo abenza i-Great Barrier Reef baxininise ngakumbi, ekugqibeleni babangele ukuba baxoshe i-zooxanthellae.
Utshintsho lwemozulu lujongene nokutshintsha kwimizekelo yemozulu. Ekuvukeni kweCylone Debbie, izazinzulu zabikezela ukuba uLwandle lwaseCoral luya kubona amancinci ambalwa kwiminyaka ezayo-kodwa ezo zinto ziya kwenzeka ziya kuba zikhulu kakhulu.
Umonakalo obangelwe kwimifuma esele ikhuselekileyo ingalindeleka ukuba ibenzi kakhulu.
E-Australia, umsebenzi wezolimo kunye nezoshishino kwinqununu yaseQueenland negalelo elikhulu ekuncitsheni kwemifula. Ukuxutywa kwinqwelo ehlanjululwe elwandle ukusuka kwiifama kwilizwe likhupha ii-polyps ze-corps kwaye kuthintela ilanga elifunekayo kwi-photosynthesis ukususela kwi-zooxanthellae. Iimveliso eziqulethwe kwi-sediment zidala ukungalingani kwamachiza emanzini, ngamanye amaxesha kubangela ukuba i-algal blooms iyingozi. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kwamashishini ecaleni kolunxwemeni kubonakele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kolwandle olumphumo weeprojekthi ezinkulu zokudambisa.
Ukubambisa ubuninzi ngenye ingozi enkulu kwixesha elizayo lempilo ye-Great Barrier Reef. Ngonyaka we-2016, i-Ellen McArthur Foundation yabika ukuba ngaphandle kokuba izinto zokudoba zangoku ziguquka ngokukrakra, kuya kuba neplastiki ngaphezulu kuneentlanzi kwiilwandle zomhlaba ngo-2050. Ngenxa yoko, i-balance balance that coral reefs depends on their survival is destroyed. Kwi-Great Barrier Reef, iziphumo ezinobungozi bokudoba ngokugqithiseleyo zibonakaliswe ukuqhuba okuphindaphindiweyo kwe-starfish yamehlo. Le ntlobo iye yahluma ngaphandle kokulawulwa ngenxa yesigxina sezilwanyana zasendle, kuquka i-triton ntshontsho kunye ne-sweetlip i-fish empire.
Idla i-polyps ye-coral, kwaye inokutshabalalisa amaphecana amaninzi enxweme ukuba amanani ayo ashiywanga angagqalwa.
Ixesha elizayo: Ngaba lingasindiswa?
Ngokwenene, imbono ye-Great Barrier Reef ihluphekile-kangangokuthi ngo-2016, iphephancwadi elingaphandle lapapasha "imvelaphi" kwindlela yokuguqula amanzi, eyayihamba ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, ngoxa i-Great Barrier Reef igule ngoku, ayiyikuphela. Ngo-2015, urhulumente wase-Australia wakhulisa iSicwangciso soKhuseleko lwexesha elide loReef 2050, esilungiselelwe ukuphucula impilo ye-reef kwinkqubo yokulondoloza isimo sawo njenge-Heritage Site ye-UNESCO. Isicwangciso sele sibone inkqubela-kubandakanya ukuvinjelwa kwezinto zokurhweba ezilahlwa kwiNdawo yeLifa leMveli, kunye nokunciphisa i-pesticides kwi-farm-off by 28%.
Xa kuthethwa oko, i-Australia ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimigodi yamashishini kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle, kwaye urhulumente wayo uhloniphekile xa efika kwimicimbi yendalo. Iziganeko zokuqhawula nge-2016 kunye no-2017 ziye zaphazamisa ngokukodwa ubuchule beSicwangciso soKhuselo ukufikelela kwiinjongo zayo. Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, isigqibo solawulo lweTrump sokurhoxisa kwisivumelwano seParis sibonwa ngabaninzi njengobungqina bokuba ukukhutshwa kwehlabathi jikelele akuyi kuncitshiswa ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuboneke ukwehla okubalulekileyo kwiqondo lokushisa elwandle lonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zonke ezinye iintlanga (ngaphandle kweSiriya neNicaragua) zisayine isivumelwano, ngoko mhlawumbi kunethemba lokuba iziphumo zenguqu yemozulu zingatshintshwa, okanye zincinci.
Ngaphantsi
Ngoko, kunye nento yonke engqondweni, ngaba kuyafaneleka ukuhamba kwi-Great Barrier Reef? Ewe, kuxhomekeka. Ukuba i-reef system yeso sizathu sakho sokutyelela iAustralia, ngoko akukho, mhlawumbi akunjalo. Kukho uninzi olunomvuzo wokudibanisa i-scuba kunye neendawo ze-snorkelling kwenye indawo-jonga kwiindawo ezikude ezifana ne-Indonesia, ne-Philippines kunye neMicronesia.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uhamba ukuya e-Australia ngezinye izizathu, kukho imimandla ethile ye-Great Barrier Reef efunekayo ukujonga. Inkqubo yesithathu ye-reef yesona santlantlantlontlm yeyona ndawo isezantsi, iindawo eziphantsi kweDolophu yaseKapa zibalekela iziganeko ezigqithiseleyo zokuphuma kwegazi. Enyanisweni, uphando oluvela kwi-Australian Institute of Marine Science lubonisa ukuba iikorali eziselunxwemeni ziyakwazi ukuqina. Nangona iimeko ezixinzelelekileyo zengcinezelo eziyiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, i-coral cover has really improved in this area.
Esinye isizathu esihle sokutyelela kukuba imali engenayo eyenziwa yi-Great Barrier Reef yoshishino lokukhenketha ibona lilungelo elikhulu lokuqhubeka nokulondoloza. Ukuba sishiya isimiso somkhosi kwiyure layo elimnyama, sinokuqiniseka njani ngovuko?