EChina naseNtshona
Ngeli xesha i-China yayingazange ihlale "ikholoni" ngokupheleleyo njengommelwane waseIndiya nge-United Kingdom okanye iVietnam yiFrentshi, yaxhaswa ngamaqela aseNtshona ukuba angathengiselwano ngokungafaniyo kwaye ekugqibeleni lawo magunya afana nomhlaba owaba ngukumkani kumazwe aseNtshona. aphinde alawulwe yiChina.
Inkcazo yeConcession
Imvume yayingumhlaba okanye iindawo ezinikezelwe ngaphezulu (ezivunyelweneyo) koorhulumente ngabanye, umz. UFransi neGreat Britain, kwaye ilawulwa nguorhulumente.
Indawo yokuThutha
E-China, ezininzi iimvume zazifumaneka kwiindawo ezikufutshane okanye ezikufuphi ukuze amazwe angaphandle angene ukufikelela okulula kworhwebo. Mhlawumbi uye wakuva amagama enu-mvume kwaye awuzange uqaphele oko babenjalo-kwaye mhlawumbi unokuzibuza ukuba zeziphi iindawo zaseChina zanamhlanje. Ngaphezu koko, abanye babekho "ukuqeshisa" kwamagunya angaphandle kwaye babuyela eChina kwimemori yokuphila njengokwimeko yaseHong Kong (e-United Kingdom) kunye ne-Macau (yasePortugal).
- ICanton izandile, ulungile? ICanton yile yangaphambili igama likaNgqungquthela waseT Guangzhou / Guangdong . I-Canton yona nto inokungabonakaliyo kwezivumelwano njengoko bekuyiyona ndawo ehamba phambili yokungena kwi-opium esithengiswa eChina ngaphambi kokuvulwa kwemvume yeShanghai.
- I-Shanghai yaba yimvume yokungaphandle kwamanye amazwe emva kwee-Opium Wars kwaye kungekudala emva kokubizwa ngokuba yi "Paris yaseMpuma". Akufuneki ukuba iipasipoti zokungena, iShailand yaba yi-port-of-call kuzo zonke iintlobo: abantu bafuna ukwenza ubutyebi babo kunye nalabo abazama ukufihla emthethweni. I-Shanghai yahlulwa ngokwenene kwinani leemvume ezagqitywa ngokuba ngumthwalo omkhulu olawulwa yiFrentshi kunye nomnye umyalelo "wamazwe ngamazwe" olawulwa yiBritani, eMerika kunye namanye ambalwa kwamanye amazwe.
- I-Amoy enye igama lendawo ekhoyo manje. I-Amoy namhlanje i-Xiamen kwiPhondo laseFujian.
- IQingdao, eyayibizwa ngokuthi yiTsingtao, yayingaphantsi kwelawulo lamaJamani. Ngubo ababethelela iChina ulwazi lwabo lokusela ubhiya.
- I-Tianjin yayineenkampu ezilizwe
- UBeijing wayenommandla "wesinye isizwe" owavulwa emva kweMfazwe yesiBini se-Opium phakathi ne-1800s.
Ziya kuba njani iiNtsebenziswano?
Ngeentetho ezityinwe emva kokulahleka kwe-China kwii-Opium Wars, i- Qing Dynasty yayingenayo indawo kuphela kodwa yayifanele ivule izibuko kumazwe angaphandle athengisa ukuthengisa. Emazantsi, kwakukho imfuno enkulu yetiya yaseTshayina, i-porcelain, isiliki, iziqholo kunye nezinye izinto. I-UK yayingumqhubi othile wei-Opium Wars.
Ekuqaleni, i-UK yahlawula i-China ngale nto ixabisekileyo ngesilivere kodwa ukungalingani kwezorhwebo kwakunzulu. Kungekudala, i-UK yaqalisa ukuthengisa i-Indian opium kwiimakethe zaseTshayina ezihlala zikhula kwaye ngokukhawuleza akuzange zisebenzise imali yesilivere yazo kwimpahla yaseTshayina. Oku kwavutha uhulumeni waseKing othe wabuya wachitha i-opium yokuthengisa kunye nabathengisi bangaphandle. Oku kwabathukuthelisa abahwebi belizwe langaphandle kwaye kungekudala i-UK kunye nabadibeneyo bathumela iinqwelo zemfazwe enxweme kunye nemikhosi eya eBeijing ukuba ifune iQing ukuba isayine izivumelwano ezinikezela urhwebo kunye nemvume.
Ukuphela kwexesha leMvume
Ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe eChina kwaphazanyiswa ngokuqala kweMfazwe yehlabathi II kunye nokuhlasela kweJapan. Abaninzi bezinye iintlanga abangazange bakwazi ukuphuma eChina kwizithuthi zase-Allied baphumelela kwiinkampu zaseJapan. Emva kwemfazwe kwakukho ukufuduka kwamanye amazwe okufudukela eChina ukuze aphinde aphinde aphucule impahla kunye nokuvuselela ishishini.
Kodwa eli xesha laphela ngokukhawuleza ngo- 1949 xa iChina yaba yinkqubo yama-communist kwaye abaninzi basemzini babaleka.