Nangona emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-2013, owayengumongameli waseMzantsi Afrika uNelson Mandela uhlonishwa emhlabeni jikelele njengenye yeenkokeli ezinamandla kunye nezithandwa kakhulu kwixesha lethu. Wachitha iminyaka yakhe yokuqala ekulweni nokungalingani ngokobuhlanga obuqhutywe nguRhulumente wase-Afrika wobandlululo, apho wavalelwa khona iminyaka engama-27. Emva kokukhululwa kunye nokuphela kombandlululo, uMandela wayekhethwe njengokhetho ngentando yeningi njengomongameli waseMzantsi Afrika wokuqala.
Wanikela ithuba lakhe ekuphulukiseni uMzantsi Afrika ohlukeneyo, nokukhuthaza amalungelo oluntu jikelele emhlabeni.
Ubuntwana
UNelson Mandela wazalwa ngoJulayi 18th 1918 eMvezu, inxalenye yesithili saseTranskei sePhondo laseMpuma Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Uyise, uGadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, wayeyinkosi yendawo kunye nonyana kaThembu; Unina, uNosekeni Fanny, wayengowesithathu samakhosikazi amane kaMphakanyiswa. UMandela wayekhulelwe uRohlilahla, igama lesiXhosa eliguqulela ngokukhawuleza ngokuthi "ingxaki"; wanikwa igama lesiNgesi uNelson ngutitshala esikolweni sakhe esiprayimari.
UMandela wakhulela kwidolophana likamama yakhe yaseQunu de wayeneminyaka engama-9 ubudala, xa ukufa kukayise kwakubangela ukuba amkelwe ngu-Thembu u-Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Emva kokumkelwa kwakhe, uMandela waqala ngokuqalisa isiXhosa kwaye wabhaliswa kwizikolo kunye neekholeji, kwiziko leClakekebury Boarding kwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare.
Apha, wabandakanyeka kwezopolitiko zabafundi, apho ekugqibeleni wayemisiwe. UMandela washiya ikholeji ngaphandle kokugqiba, kwaye kungekudala emva koko wabaleka eGoli ukuze abaleke umtshato ohleliweyo.
Izopolitiko - Iminyaka Yokuqala
E-Johannesburg, uMandela wagqiba i-BA ngeYunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika (UNISA) kwaye wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi yaseWits.
Wabuye waziswa kwi-African National Congress (ANC), iqela elichasene ne-imperialist elikholelwa kuMzantsi Afrika ozimeleyo, ngomngane omtsha, u-Walter Sisulu ongu-activist. UMandela waqala ukubhala amanqaku kwenkampani yomthetho waseGoli, kwaye ngowe-1944 uququzelele iqumrhu le-ANC Youth League kunye nomnye u-Oliver Tambo. Ngomnyaka we-1951, waba ngumongameli we-Youth League, kwaye unyaka kamva, wakhethwa ngumongameli we-ANC weTransvaal.
Ngo-1952 kwakuyiminyaka exakekile kaMandela. Wabeka umgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala woMnyama waseMzantsi Afrika kunye noTambo, owayeza kuba ngumongameli we-ANC kamva. Kwakhona waba nguyena wabakhi beeNkcazo zeLutsha leNgcaciso yokuLungulwa kweMithetho yeMithetho engekho yobulungisa, inkqubo yokuthobela abantu. Iimvavanyo zakhe zamthobela isigwebo sakhe sokuqala sokuxhaswa phantsi koMthetho wokuSuswa koKomanism. Ngowe-1956, wayengomnye wabangama-156 abasolwa ngokutshutshiswa kwilingo elaliqhutywe iminyaka ecaleni kwemihlanu ngaphambi kokugqitywa.
Okwangoku, waqhubeka esebenza emva kweziganeko zokudala umgaqo-nkqubo we-ANC. Ukubanjwa rhoqo kwaye avinjelwe ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, wayehlala ehamba efihlekile kwaye phantsi kwegama elithiwa liza kuphepha abaxeleli bamapolisa.
Ukuvukela
Ukulandela ukubulawa kobulali lwaseSharpeville ka-1960, i-ANC yayivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye imbono kaMandela kunye nabalingani bakhe babenzima ukuba inkolelo yokuba umzabalazo olwabalaseleyo unokwanela.
NgoDisemba 16th 1961, inhlangano entsha yempi eyayibizwa ngokuthi uMkhonto we Sizwe ( Intetho yesizwe), yamiswa. UMandela wayengumphathi-nqununu. Kwiminyaka emibini ezayo baqhubelele ukuhlaselwa okungaphezu kwama-200 baze bathumela abantu abangama-300 bephesheya ukuze baqeqeshelwa impi-kuquka noMandela ngokwakhe.
Ngo-1962, uMandela wabanjwa xa ebuyela ezweni waza wagwetywa iminyaka emihlanu entolongweni ngokuhamba ngaphandle kwepaspoti. Wenza uhambo lwakhe lokuqala eRobben Island , kodwa kungekudala wabuyiselwa ePitoli ukuba ajoyine nabanye abathathu abachasayo, bejongene neentlawulo ezitsha zokuxhatshazwa. Ngethuba leenyanga ezisibhozo iRivonia Trial - ebizwa ngokuba yi-Rivonia yesithili apho uMkhonto weSizwe wayenendlu yabo ekhuselekileyo, iLiliesleaf Farm - uMandela wenza intetho ebonisa inceba esuka kwi-dock. Yathetha ngeenxa zonke kwihlabathi:
'Ndilwa nolawulo olumhlophe, kwaye ndilwe nolawulo olumnyama. Ndiyayixabisa imbeko yentando yesininzi nentlalo ekhululekile apho bonke abantu behlala ndawonye ngokuvisisana kunye namathuba alinganayo. Yilungileyo endiyithembayo yokuhlala nayo nokufezekisa. Kodwa ukuba imfuno kuba yinto endilungeleyo ukuba ndife '.
Icala laphelelwa ngabasibhozo abamangalelwa kuquka uMandela ufumaneka enetyala waza wagwetywa ejele. Uhambo lukaMandela olude kwiRobben Island luqalisile.
I-Long Walk to Freedom
Ngowe-1982, emva kweminyaka eyi-18 ejele eRobben Island, uMandela wadluliselwa kwiKolose yasePollsmoor eKapa kwaye ukusuka apho, ngoDisemba 1988, waya ejele laseVictor Verster ePaarl. Wayegatya ukunikezelwa kwamanani amaninzi ukuqonda ukufaneleka kwamakhaya omnyama okwakusungulwe ngexesha lokuvalelwa kwakhe, okuya kumvumela ukuba abuyele kwiTranskei (ngoku zikarhulumente ozimeleyo) kwaye aphile ubomi bakhe ekuthinjweni. Kwakhona wenqaba ukulahla ubundlobongela, ukuncipha ukuxoxisana kuyo yonke into ade abe ngumntu okhululekileyo.
Ngo-1985 nangona kunjalo waqala 'ukuthetha ngeentetho' kunye noMphathiswa wezobuLungisa, uKobie Coetsee, esitokisini lakhe. Indlela eyimfihlo yokunxibelelana nobunkokheli be-ANC eLusaka yagqitywa ekugqibeleni. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 11th 1990, wakhululwa entolongweni emva kweminyaka engama-27, ngomnyaka ofanayo wokuvalwa kwe-ANC kwaye uMandela wakhethwa njengomphathi-ngameli we-ANC. Intetho yakhe yovuyo evela kwibhantshi yeHolo yeSixeko saseKapa kunye nomsindo wokunqoba we- 'Amandla! '(' Amandla! ') Yayiyimzuzu esichazayo kwimbali yaseAfrika. Iintetho ziqala ngokunyanisekileyo.
Ubomi Emva kokuvalelwa
Ngomnyaka we-1993, uMandela kunye noMongameli uFW de Klerk babamkela ngokubambisana neNobel Peace Prize kwimigudu yabo yokuzisa ukuphela kolawulo lobandlululo. Ngomnyaka olandelayo, ngo-Apreli 27, 1994, uMzantsi Afrika wabamba ukhetho lwentando yeninzi ngokwenene. I-ANC iphumelele ukunqoba, kwaye ngoMeyi 10 1994, uNelson Mandela ufungelwe njengoMongameli wokuqala waseMzantsi Afrika, okhethwe ngentando yenkululeko. Wathetha ngokukhawuleza ngokuxolelana, esithi:
'Akunakuze, akuze kuphinde kubekho kwakhona ukuba eli lizwe elihle liza kuphinda libone ukunyanzelana komnye kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuba yintsimbi yehlabathi. Ukukhulula inkululeko.
Ngethuba lakhe lokuba ngumbongameli, uMandela wasungula iKhomishoni yeNyaniso kunye neNkxaso yoNxibelelwano, injongo yalokuba kukuphanda izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezenziwe ngamacala omabini omzabalazo ngexesha lobandlululo. Wazisa umthetho wezenhlalakahle kunye noqoqosho owenzelwe ukujongana nentlupheko yabantu abamnyama, ngelixa bezama ukuphucula ubudlelwane phakathi kwazo zonke iintlanga zaseMzantsi Afrika. Kwakunjalo ngeli xesha uMzantsi Afrika waziwa ngokuba yi "Nation Rainbow".
Urhulumente kaMandela uninzi lwabantu, umgaqo-siseko wakhe wawubonakalisa umnqweno woMzantsi Afrika onobunye, kwaye ngo-1995, wakhuthaza abafazi abamnyama nabahlophe ukuba baxhase iinzame zeqela lebhola le-rugby laseMzantsi Afrika-ekugqibeleni liye laphumelela ukuphumelela ngowe-1995 kwiWebby World YeNdebe.
Ubomi Bangasese
UMandela wathatyathwa kathathu. Watshata nomfazi wakhe wokuqala, u-Evelyn, ngo-1944 waza waba nabantwana abane ngaphambi kokuqhawula ngo-1958. Ngonyaka olandelayo watshata noWinnie Madikizela, enabantwana ababini. UWinnie wayephethe uxanduva lokudala umlando kaMandela ngokusebenzisa umkhankaso wakhe onamandla wokukhulula uNelson kwiRobben Island. Umtshato awukwazi ukusinda kwezinye izenzo zikaWinnie nangona kunjalo. Bahlukana ngo-1992 emva kokugwetywa kwakhe ngokuthumba kunye nokufumana inxaxheba ekuhlaseleni, kwaye waqhawula ngo-1996.
UMandela walahlekelwa ngabantwana bakhe abathathu - uMakaziwe, owafa esemntwaneni, unyana wakhe uThembekile, owabulawa kwengozi yemoto ngexesha uMandela eboshwe eDobben Island naseMakgatho, ebulawa nguGawulayo. Umtshato wakhe wesithathu, ngomhla wokuzalwa kwakhe wama-80, ngoJulayi 1998, wawungumGraça Machel, umhlolokazi ongumongameli waseMozambique uMama Samora Machel. Waba ngumfazi kuphela ehlabathini ukutshata ababengameli beentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Bahlala betshatile kwaye wayekho ecaleni lakhe xa ehamba ngoDisemba 5, 2013.
Iminyaka Kamva
UMandela wehla njengoMongameli ngo-1999, emva kwekota elilodwa eofisini. Wafumaniswa ukuba unomdlavuza wesibeletho ngo-2001 waza washiya umhlala-phantsi ebomini bentlalo ngo-2004. Nangona kunjalo, waqhubeka esebenza ngokuthula ngenxa yezinto zakhe ezincedisayo, iSiseko seNelson Mandela, iNelson Mandela Children's Fund kunye ne-Mandela-Rhodes Foundation.
Ngo-2005 wangenelela egameni lamaxhoba e- AIDS eMzantsi Afrika, evuma ukuba unyana wakhe wafa ngesifo. Kwaye ngomhla wakhe wokuzalwa wama-89 waqala i-Elders, iqela labadala bamazwe kuquka uKofi Annan, uJimmy Carter, uMary Robinson kunye noDesmond Tutu phakathi kwezinye izikhanyiso zomhlaba wonke, ukunikela "ngesikhokelo kwiingxaki ezilukhuni kwihlabathi". UMandela wanyathelisa umxholo wakhe, i- Long Walk kuya kwiNkululeko , ngowama-1995, kwaye iMyuziyam yaseNelson Mandela yaqala ukuvula ngo-2000.
UNelson Mandela wafa ekhaya lakhe eGoli ngoDisemba 5 ngo-2013 eneminyaka eyi-95, emva kokulwa kwexesha elide nokugula. Izigqeba ezivela kwihlabathi lonke zaza kwiinkonzo zesikhumbuzo eMzantsi Afrika ukuba zikhunjulwe enye yezona nkokeli ezinkulu emhlabeni.
Eli nqaku liye lahlaziywa kwaye libhalwa kwakhona ngeenxalenye nguJessica Macdonald ngoDisemba wesi-2, 2016.