01 ngo 13
Imbali yoLungiso loMdla
Kuphela iikhilomitha eziliqela ukusuka kwisixeko sakwa-Niagara Fall sihlala kwindawo ekhohliweyo enezitifiketi. Uthando lweCanal, kanye elinye leendawo ezikhulayo eziseNiagara Falls zafumana ingqwalasela yesizwe xa zitshitshiswe ngongxowankulu olwalugubungela ihlabathi. Isitrato esicacileyo nesizothubileyo sasigxininisa kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ukuba zizalise intshabalalo malunga nobusuku kunye neminyaka emininzi emva kwezitrato zoLuthando lweCanal liza kushiyelwa.
Kwimibhobho engama-36 kuphela, i-Love Canal yayincinci ye-Niagara Falls eyavumela iintsapho ukuba zikhulise abantwana babo kwikhaya elincinci elikufutshane nomzi, ngelixa linendawo yokuba baqhube beyidlale. Ukukhunjulwa kwesiganeko esivela kuMadeleine L'Engle's classic "I-Downdown in Time", Love Canal yayidolophu ephawulekayo egcwele iintsapho ezincinci nazo zonke izindlu ezibukeka njengezibuko zemibukiso kubo.
Ngexesha lama-1950 ummandla wakhula ngokukhawuleza njengoko isixeko sasihlangene nesifo. Izitrato zazizolile kunye nabamelwane babenobungane, kodwa abahlali beCanal Canal bayakufumana ngokukhawuleza phakathi koovimba beendaba.
Umhlaba owakhiwe ngawo uluntu wawungcolileyo ngamakhemikhali aye achithelwa kwisayithi yi-Hooker Electrochemical Inkampani eyayiphethe loo ndawo ngaphambili. Abahlali basheshe baqala ukugula ngenxa yezifo ezazisuka kwiintsholongwane zendlebe zokukhula komhlaza. Kuza kubonakaliswa kamva ukuba urhulumente wengingqi wayeyazi kakuhle ingozi efihliweyo ngaphakathi komhlaba, kodwa wakhetha ukujonga amehlo.
Isithili seSikolo saseSixeko saseNiagara Falls sasiqhubekele iHooker Electrochemical Company ukuba sithenge ipropati yabo nethemba lokwakha isikolo esitsha. Inkampani inqatshelwe ukunikezelwa kwazo kokuqala ngokubhekiselele kwiinkxalabo zempilo, kodwa ekugqibeleni bazisola baza bathengisa umhlaba kwisithili sesikolo. Ngeendleko zabo, inkampani ithatha amalungu ebhodi ebhunga ekutyeleleni kweso siza kwaye yenza uvavanyo lweebhendi phambi kwazo ukuqinisekisa ukuba beyazi ukuba umhlaba wawuninzi kakhulu, kodwa isixeko saqhubeka nokuthenga kwaye kamva, ukwakha esikolweni.
I-Hooker Chemical yayiquka i-caveat ende kwisivumelwano sokuthengisa kwisixeko esichaza ingozi yomhlaba ukuqinisekisa ukuba beyazi malunga neengcamango, kodwa kwakhona ukuyeka yonke imbopheleleko yeziphumo eziza kubetha iidolophu emva koko. Bathi umhlaba kufuneka utywinwe "ukwenzela ukuthintela ukuba abantu okanye izilwanyana eziza kudibanisa nezinto zokulahla." Ibhodi yesikolo inqume ukuqhubela phambili kunye nophuhliso lwesikolo nakanjani.
Ngoxa kwakhiwa esinye sezikolo ezimbini, abakhi bafumana ama-gallon angama-55 engxowanxu engcolileyo eyayingcwatywe yiHooker Chemical. Ingqungquthela, iingu-22,000 zeetyhefu zityhefu zangcwatyelwa kwisiza salolu hlandla olukhulayo kwaye akukho namnye wabahlali abanobulumko. Umsebenzi waqhubeka ekwakhiweni kwesikolo kwaye njengoko ummelwane wakhula isikolo sesibini sakhiwe iibhloko ezimbalwa.
Ubomi buqhubeka ngokuqhelekileyo kwabo bahlala kwiCanal Canal kwaze kwaba ngo-1976 xa ababhali beendaba be- Niagara Falls Gazette , uDavid Pollak noDavid Russell, bavavanya iimpompo eziliqela kwaye bafumana imichiza enzima yeekhemikhali ezinobuthi. Sekunjalo, loo nto ayizange ifumane ingqalelo kwimiba yeendaba kuze kube yiminyaka emibini xa intatheli uMichael Brown eqala ukuphanda iingozi zempilo zale michiza kwaye yaqhuba uphando ngendlu ngo-1978.
Umama wasekuhlaleni, uLois Gibbs, waqala ukubambisana nabanini bempahla emva kokuba unyana wakhe ahlaselwe yintlungu kunye neminye imiba yempilo. Emva koko uza kuba lizwi lalabo bashiywe ebumnyameni ngokukhuselekileyo kwendawo yokuhlala, becela ukuba unyulo luya kuqhuba uMbutho woLondolozo lwaBanini bamaKhaya.
UGibbs waxela amagosa ukuba aphande ngeengxakini zalabo abahlala kwindawo yokuhlala, kodwa akukho nto yavela kwimigudu yakhe. Igosa laseNiagara Falls, uMichael O'Laughlin, wacatshulwa ngokunyanisekileyo esithi "akukho nto iphosakeleyo" kuloo ndawo.
Ngasekupheleni kwee-1970 abahlali kulo mhlaba babenomlinganiselo ophazamisayo wokulahlekelwa ngamathambo, iintlungu ezinobungozi, ukuphazamiseka kweentlungu, umdlavuza kunye nokubulawa kweminye imiba. Kamishinala wezeMpilo waseNew York, uRobert Whalen, kamva waya kutyelela loo ndawo kwaye akavumelani kakhulu nemibono yamagosa asezidolophini.
"Ukuthanda i-Canal Chemical Waste Landfill yinkxalabo yoluntu kunye nosongelo olubi kakhulu kunye nengozi kwimpilo, ukhuseleko kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu bayisebenzisa, bahlala kufuphi nayo okanye badityaniswe kwiimeko ezivela kuyo, ezibandakanya phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezichithwa ngamachiza ubonakaliswe emanzini kwiindawo ezininzi ezixhaphakileyo, eziphazamisayo kunye nezikhukhumezi zeekhemikhali kunye nefuthe ezichaphazela zombini umoya ojikelezayo kunye nemakhaya yabemi abathile abahlala kuloo ndawo, "watsho.
UMongameli uJimmy Carter wamemezela impilo engxamisekileyo yempilo kwaye wabiza i-Arhente ye-Disaster Assistance Agency ukuba incedise iSixeko saseNiagara Falls ukulungisa isayithi le-Canal. Le yileyokuqala kwimbali yelizwe ukuba loo mali yayisetyenziselwa into ngaphandle kweentlekele zemvelo.
Kwiminyaka elandelayo, izikolo zivaliwe kwaye phantse zonke izakhiwo zomhlaba zachithwa. Ummandla owakhulayo wawuncitshisiwe waba yindlafa ngaphandle kweendlela ezishiyekileyo, iihektare zotshani obude kunye nemigca yesitalato.
Zonke iintsapho ezingama-800 zafuduswa kwaye zabuyiselwa kwixabiso lamakhaya abo kodwa iintsapho ezingama-90 zakhetha ukuhlala. Njengoko iminyaka iqhubeka, phantse yonke intsapho eyayibizwa ngokuba yindlu yokuhlala yayikhethe ukuhamba.
Namhlanje phantse akukho nto ishiywe kwiCanal Love. Ummandla uthandwa ngabafoto bezithombe abathanda ukuthabatha izitalato ezihambayo kunye namakhaya ambalwa aseleyo.
Landela uSean kwi-Twitter kunye ne-Instagram @BuffaloFlynn, kwaye khangela iphepha lethu le-Facebook ukuze uthole ezinye iindaba kwiBuffalo, kwiNigara Falls ne-Western New York.
02 ngo 13
Izindlu ezilahlekileyo
Ummandla washiywa kwaye amakhaya ashiywa ukubola. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isixeko sadiliza ubuninzi bezakhiwo kwisayithi kwaye kwaze kwaba ngo-2004 ukuba abantu bavunyelwe ukubuyela kummandla.
03 ngo 13
Qalisa iPhakathi
Iintsapho zaqala ukuthuthela kwindawo engaphantsi kwee-1950 ngenxa yokuba yabonwa njengommandla oqalayo wokuqala.
04 we-13
Abantu Baqala Ukugula
Ngama-1970, uluntu lwalukhula kodwa abaninzi abahlali balo baqala ukugula. Abantu bachitheka ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba eliyingozi, ukuvelisa umdlavuza kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo. Urhulumente wengingqi wayeyazi kakuhle imicimbi yoluntu ebhekane nayo, kwaye wayesazi ukuba umhlaba wawungcolileyo.
05 we-13
Ukuqala Ukulwa
Uluntu olulungekileyo lwaqala ukuwahlula kwaye abahlali bafuna iimpendulo. ULois Gibbs waba ngumkhulumeli walo woluntu. Umama ongatshatanga, uGibbs waqala ukubuza umkhuseleko wakhe ummelwane xa unyana wakhe eqala ukuhlaselwa ngeentlobo zentsholongwane.
06 we-13
Uziva Ulahlekelwe
Abanye abahlali baqala ukuqaphela ukuvumba okungaqhelekiyo okuvela emhlabathini kwaye xa kwakunomvula, ukusela okungaqhelekanga kwakuza kuphakama phezulu. Konke kuzwakala ngathi isiqephu esivela kwintando yesayensi, kodwa ngelishwa oko le ntsapho iyenzeka ngayo.
07 we-13
Ukulwa noluntu lwakhe
UGibbs waqhubeka ezama ukulwa namalungelo akhe, intsapho yakhe kunye nabamelwane bakhe kwiminyaka yokulwa nelo mzi.
08 ka 13
Ukutyhefuza ummelwane
Njengoko kuvela, i-Hooker Electrochemical Company iye yachitha i-22,000 ibharri yenkunkuma engcolileyo kwipropati yabo, kamva ithengisa ukuba ibe yindawo yokuqala. Kwakuyimichiza eyaye yawela emhlabathini eyaqala ukwenza indlela yayo emanzini okusela, umhlaba nomoya ukuba amawaka abantu adibana nayo yonke imihla.
09 we-13
Impembelelo kwabantwana
Akunjalo nje kuphela kodwa kwakukho izikolo ezimbini zaseprayimari ezakhiwe kwisayithi, izindlu zamakhulu emfundo imihla ngemihla. IGibbs nabanye abaninzi balwela nzima ukunikela ingqwalasela kule micimbi, ekugqibeleni bafumana umbane emva kobungqina obuphakanyiselwe ngaphaya kwezinto ezingenakuphikiswa.
10 we-13
Inkampani yeHooker Electrochemical
Inkampani yeHooker Electrochemical yasekuqaleni ilandelwa yiSithili seSikolo seSikolo saseNiagara Falls ngenxa yokuba yayimfuneko enkulu yomhlaba ukwakha indawo eyongezelelweyo. Ekuqaleni inkampani yaphika izicelo zabo ngenxa yeengxaki zezempilo, kodwa ekugqibeleni zathengisa umhlaba wazo. Kwimvumelwano yabathengisi i-Hooker Electrochemical Company icebisa isithili sesikolo ukuba sinamathele umhlaba ukuze kuthintele naziphi na izilwanyana okanye abantu ukuba bangaqhagamshelana nalo njengoko kungabangela ingozi enkulu. Isikolo sakhiwe nantoni na ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu.
11 we-13
Emva kokuba kufunyanwe
Emva kokuba ibhola iqalile ukuqhuma kwaye abantu baqala ukuqaphela ukuba kukho ingxaki okumele ilandelwe nayo, Uthando lweCanal luqale ukufumana ingqalelo yesizwe. Ngenxa yemicimbi yezempilo eyenzekayo kwinqanaba elimangalisa umba ongenakuphikiswa. Amagosa eSixeko kufuneka aqonde kwaye avumelane nento awayeyenzile, ngokuqinisekileyo ayetyhelele uluntu lonke ukufumana imali.
12 we-13
IGibbs kunye neengingqi zithini ukulwa nokulwa neSixeko
Ekugqibeleni, emva kweminyaka yokulwa, uMongameli uJimmy Carter wachaza impilo engxamisekileyo yempilo kwaye wabiza i-Arhente ye-Disaster Aid Disaster ukuxhasa isixeko saseNiagara Falls ekuhlambulukeni kweCanal Canal. Le dolophu encinane, idolo elalilele ngokusemthethweni yaba yindawo yokuqala ye-Superfund e-United States. Ngenxa yokuvuza kweemichiza eziphantse malunga neentsapho ezingama-800 zafuneka zithuthelwe kwaye zibuyiselwe kumakhaya abo. Iintsapho ezingama-90 zanyula ukuhlala kodwa njengoko iminyaka yahamba abaninzi banokuphela.
13 we-13
Njani namhlanje
Ngaloo mihla kukho iincinci eziseleyo zothando lweCanal. Kuphela iindlu eziseleyo kwaye izindlu zendlela ziye zagqithiswa, zingagcinwa iminyaka engama-40. Liba yindawo eyithandayo kubafoto bezithuthi ukuhamba ngezitrato kwaye bathabathe umva weedolophu eyake ikhona. Nangona kungekho nto ihlala ikhona, Uthando lweCanal lube ngumxholo ongenakulibaleka kuloo ndawo.