Eyakhelwe kwi-8th Century, i-Borobudur yiSikhumbuzo kwiBukumkani likaBuddha
I-Borobudur iyisikhumbuzo esikhulu seMahayana Buddhist kwiCentral Java. Eyakhelwe ngo-AD 800, isikhumbuzo sasilahleka ngamakhulu eminyaka emva kokunciphisa ubukumkani bamaBuddhist eJava. I-Borobudur yafunyanwa kwakhona ngekhulu le-19, ihlangulwe kwiindawo ezijikelezileyo, kwaye nanamhlanje indawo enkulu yokuhambela iBuddha.
I-Borobudur yakhiwe ngezinga elincinci - ayikwazi ukuba yinto engafanelekanga, njengoko ayikho ngaphantsi kwemeko ye-cosmos njengesikolo seBuddhist siyayiqonda.
Emva kokungena eBorobudur, uzakufumana uhokelwa kwi-cosmology engummangaliso ephazamisekile ilitye, elona luhambo oluhle kakhulu kubaculi be-archaeologicalists, nakuba enye iya kufuna umkhokeli onokuzibonela ukuchaza.
- Ukujonga i-thumbnail kule nkcazelo ende ende yeBuddha, funda i-Asia History Guide Isiqendu sika-Kallie Szczepanski kwithempeli laseBorobudur.
Ulwakhiwo lweBorobudur
Isikhumbuzo sakhiwe njenge-mandala, senza uchungechunge lwamaqonga - iiplatifti zesikwere eziyisihlanu ngaphantsi, iiplatifti ezine zeetyhula ezingaphezulu-ezihamba ngeendlela ezithatha abahamba ngeendlela zokuhamba ngezityalo ezintathu zeBosdhist cosmology.
Ukutyelela abakhwela izitebhisi eziphezulu kwizinga ngalinye; iinqwelwana zihlotshiswe ngeenqwelo ezingama-2,672 ezithi zixelele ibali ebomini bukaBuddha nemifanekiso evela kwiibhalo zeBuddhist.
Ukujonga i-reliefs ngendlela efanelekileyo, kufuneka uqale ukusuka esangweni lasempuma, ujikeleze ngamehlo kwaye ukhuphuke umgangatho omnye xa ugqibezela isiphaluka.
Amanqanaba eBorobudur
Inqanaba eliphantsi kunazo zonke leBorobudur limela iKamadatu (ihlabathi lomnqweno), kwaye lihlotshiswe ngama-160 e-reliefs ebonisa izibakala ezimbi zomnqweno wesintu kunye nemiphumo yabo. Imizekeliso ifanele iqhube umququzeli ukuba aphunyuke iinqwelo zawo zomhlaba zeNirvana.
Iqonga eliphantsi kakhulu libonisa kuphela i-fraction ye-reliefs; Inxalenye enkulu yeyona ndawo ephantsi yeBorobudur yayinxibelelwe ngamatye angaphezulu, ihlanganisa ezinye zeempahla.
Isikhokelo sethu sathintela ukuba ezinye zeemali zokunakekelwa komvuzo zifihliwe, kodwa akukho bungqina bokuxhasa oku.
Njengoko isivakashi senyukela eRupadhatu (ihlabathi leefomu , elibandakanya amanqanaba amahlanu alandelayo), i-reliefs iqala ukuxelela ibali elimangalisayo lokwaBuddha nokuzalwa kwakhe. Iingxowa-mali zibonisa kwakhona izenzo zobuqhawe nemifanekiso esetyenziswe kwiBlodist folklore.
Ukunyuka ukuya eArupadhatu (ihlabathi lokungafanelekanga, amanqanaba amane aphezulu eBorobudur), isivakashi sibona iindidi ezigqityiweyo ezifakela iziqingqi zeBuddha ngaphakathi. Apho iiplani ezine zokuqala zihlanganiswe ngamacala amabini, amanqanaba angaphezulu avulekileyo, aveza iimbono ezigqithisileyo ze-Magelang regency kunye ne-Merapi, ekude.
Kwona nto iphezulu, i-stupe central stupa i-Borobudur. Umyinge weendwendwe akavunyelwe ukungena kwi-stupa, kungekhona ukuba kukho into ekubonayo - i-stupa ayinalutho, njengoko ibonisa ukubaleka kwiNirvana okanye akukho nto iyona njongo enkulu yeBuddha.
Buddha IziQonda eBorobudur
Imifanekiso yaseBuddha kumanqanaba amane aphantsi aseBorobudur afakwe "kwiingcinga" ezininzi okanye i- mudra , nganye ichaza isiganeko ebomini bukaBuddha.
UBhumi Sparsa Mudra: "isitywina sokuthinta umhlaba", ebonwa yizithombe zeBuddha kwicala lasempuma - izandla ezisekhohlo zivulekile ekuphumeni kwazo, isandla sokunene kumadolo okunene ngeminwe iboniswe phantsi.
Ezi zikhokelo zokulwa kukaBuddha kunye nomdemon waseMara, apho ubiza uDewi Bumi umfazikazi womhlaba ukuba abone iintlungu zakhe.
UVara Mudra: omele "uthando", oboniswa yizithombe zeBuddha esecaleni lasezantsi - isandla sokunene esabanjwe ngezandla ngeminwe emadolweni, kwesandla sasekhohlo sasivulekile.
UDhyana Mudra: omele "ukucamngca", oboniswe yizithombe zeBuddha ngasecaleni lasentshonalanga - zombini izandla zifakwe kwisipuphu, isandla sokunene phezulu kwesobunxele, zombini iintendelezo ezibheke phezulu, ezimbini iintlanganiso.
I-Abhaya Mudra: emele ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokupheliswa koyiko, okubangelwa yimifanekiso yaseBuddha esecaleni lasenyakatho - isandla sobunxele sasivulekileyo, sisandla sesekunene siphakanyiswe ngaphezu kweedolo esinesundu esecaleni.
I-Vitarka Mudra: emele "ukushumayela", efunwa yiBuddha kwi-balustrade yesigcawu esiphezulu sendawo - isandla sokunene esibambelelwe, isithupha kunye nesantengiselwano esithintekayo, esibonisa ukushumayela.
Imifanekiso yaseBuddha kumazinga aphakamileyo afakwe kwiindidi eziphazamisayo; enye yashiya ngenjongo yokutyhila uBuddha ngaphakathi. Omnye kufuneka ukuba anike inhlanhla ukuba unako ukumbamba isandla sakhe; kunzima kunokuba ibonakale, njengokuba unamathele ingalo yakho, awukho indlela yokubona umfanekiso ngaphakathi!
Waisak eBorobudur
AmaBuddha amaninzi aya kutyelela eBorobudur ngexesha le-Waisak (usuku lwamaBuddha lokukhanyisa). Kwi-Waisak, amakhulu amabonki aseBuddhist avela e-Indonesia kwaye aqhube phambili eqala ngo-2am ukuba enze umhambele osuka kufuphi noCandi Mendut, ehamba nge-1.5 miles ukuya eBorobudur.
Umtsalane uhamba ngokukhawuleza, ngokucula kunye nokuthandaza, ade bafike eBorobudur malunga ne-4am. Iimonki ziya kujikeleza itempileni, zikhuphuke kumanqanaba ngendlela efanelekileyo, zilindele ukubonakala kwenyanga ekugqibeleni (oku kubonisa ukuzalwa kweBuddha), abaza kubingelela ngengoma. Imikhosi iphelile emva kokuphuma kwelanga.
- Ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi ngale holide enkulu yeBuddha, funda eli nqaku: Vesak kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia , okanye usebenzise le galari: Imifanekiso yeVesak kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia .
Ukuya eBorobudur
Intlawulo yokungena kwiBorododur i $ 20; iiofisi zetikiti zivuliwe ukusuka ngo-6: 00 ukuya ku-5pm. Unokufumana ithikithi yeBorobudur / Prambanan ehlanganisiweyo ye-IDR 360,000 (okanye malunga ne-US $ 28,80, ufunde ngemali yase-Indonesia ). Inqwelomoya ehamba phambili eYogyakarta, malunga nemizuzu engama-40 ukusuka ngemoto.
Ngebhasi: Yiya kwi-terminal yebhasi yaseJombor (Google Maps) eSleman ngasentla kweYogyakarta; Ukusuka apha, iibhasi zihamba rhoqo phakathi kwesi sixeko kunye nesiphelo sebhasi saseBorobudur (Google Maps). Iindleko ze-IDR ezingama-20,000 (malunga ne-US $ 1.60) kwaye ithatha malunga neyure ukuya kwiyure-nesiqingatha ukugqiba. Itempile ngokwayo ifikeleleke kwi-5-7 yemizuzu yokuhamba ukusuka kwisikhululo sebhasi.
Ngokuqeshwa ngebhasibusuku: Le ndlela yindlela elula yokufikelela eBorobudur, kodwa ingabi esincinci: cela ihotele yakho yaseYogyakarta ukuba uncoma ipakethe yebhasi ye-minibus. Ngokuxhomekeka kwi-package inclusions (ezinye i-ejenti zingabandakanya uhambo oluya kwi- Prambanan , i- Kraton , okanye i- Yogyakarta ezininzi zee-batik neefesi zesilivere ) amanani angabiza phakathi kwe-IDR 70,000 ukuya kwi-IDR 200,000 (phakathi kwe-US $ 5.60 ukuya kwi-US $ 16).
Kusuka kwihotele e-Manohara, uthabatha i-Borobudur Sunrise Tour ezisa wena ethempelini kwixesha elingamhloneli u-4: 30 ekuseni, kukuvumela ukuba ubone itempile ngokukhanya kwelanga kuze kube sekuphumeni kwelanga. Iindleko zokuvakasha kwelanga zibiza i-IDR ezingama-380,000 (malunga ne-US $ 30) kwiindwendwe ezingezizo ii-Manohara, kunye ne-IDR 230,000 (malunga ne-US $ 18.40) kwiindwendwe zikaManohara.