Ama-Jesusit Missions eMzantsi Melika
Ababingeleli be-Society of Jesus, abajwayele ukubizwa ngokuba yi-Jesuits, abaqulunqa uluhlu lweentlanganiso kwii- Argentina, eBrazil, eBolivia, e-Uruguay naseParaguay babengenanto encinci yokuba olunye usuku iingxuwa zeendawo zabo, ezinkulu okanye ezincinci, kuba kwisekethe yezokhenketho.
Ababhenkethi beza kubona iindawo ezibhubhileyo, isixa esikhulu sezinye iicawa, imifanekiso yokuzalwa ekopishwe kwizinto zaseYurophu zemihla ngemihla, kunye neendlela zokulawula izinto ezinobulungisa, ezenza ukuba ama-Jesuit asebenze ngokungafaniyo nokulawulwa kwezizwe zabomthonyama kwezinye indawo eLatin America.
Ngokubuyisela ukukhululwa komgaqo-nkqubo we- encomienda apho iintlanga zemihlaba zazixhomekeke kwizakhono zabasebenzi ukuze zihlale ziphila, amaJesitethi acebisa ingcamango yombono apho indawo nganye yokuhlala, ebizwa ngokuba yi- reducción okanye i- redução ngesiPutukezi, yaphuhliswa njengentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho Ukwandiswa komsebenzi wokuzisa inkolo yamaRoma Katolika kubantu basekuhlaleni, ikakhulukazi izizwe zesiGalaní, ngokufundisa ngokomoya, kwimfundo, kwizentengiso nakwizorhwebo. Ezi ntshukumo ziza kwenza umvuzo weSpeyin "njengentlawulo" yokushiya imimandla e-Jesuit. Kwakukho ababingeleli ababini abelwe kuyo yonke into yokunciphisa , nganye ibe nemisebenzi ehlukileyo kunye ecacileyo.
I- Guaraní babengamafama anedumela elinamandla njengamaqhawe anamandla. Ngaphantsi kwenkqubo ye- reducción , bahlala behlala kunye kwaye bazisa izakhono zabo zokulima. Bafunda imfundo eyisiseko kunye neengcweti ezifana nokuchonga, ukukhangela isikhumba, ukulungiswa, ubugcisa, ubhuki kunye nokulungiswa kwemibhalo.
Amakhwenkwe athembekileyo anikezelwa phambili, izifundo zakudala. Uluntu lweGalaní lwakhawuleza lwaba nolwazi lokufunda nokubhala, kunye neetalente zabo zokwakha zaziwa ngokuba yiBaraní baroque. AmaNdiya asebenza emazweni omhlaba, abe nomsebenzi omfutshane kunye nexesha elizinikele kwimikhosi yonqulo, ezemidlalo, imfundo nomculo.
Ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa kunye nobugcisa bekhokelela kwiicawa ezisebenzayo kunye nobugcisa kwiimishini. Ama-Jesuits awalondolozela izizwe "kwiimpembelelo ezimbi" kunye nokuxhaphazwa ngabantu baseYurophu. Enyanisweni, ekubeni le mimandla yaseMzantsi Melika yayikude kwiintsika zeSpeyin nePortugal, amaJesuits akha izizinda zabo ezinamandla.
Kwiminyaka engama-150 elandelayo, ukuthunywa kwamanyathelo okukhula kwaba yimida encinci, uqoqosho oluqinileyo kunye namaziko emfundo kunye nezobugcisa kwizizwe zaseNdiya. Ukunciphisa kwaba nesimboli sabo ngabanye, kodwa bonke babelana ngesicwangciso socwangciso esifanayo. Ejikeleze i-plaza yedolophana kunye nomnqamlezo wayo kunye nesigxina somgcini we-mission ye-mission, kwakukho icawa, ikholeji, i-churchyard kunye nezindlu zabemi baseIndiya. I- reducción nganye yanikezela indlu yabahlolokazi, isibhedlele, ii-workshops ezininzi zokudala izinto zezobugcisa kunye nezinto ezininzi zokugcina impahla.
Njengoko bekhula, iidolophu ezisemsebenzini zathatha isaziso saseSpeyin, iPortugal, kunye noPapa uClement XIV owayesaba ukuba amaJesuits ayeba namandla kakhulu, azimeleyo. Ngo-1756, amaSpanish namaPutukezi ahlasele iinjongo, abulala abaninzi kwaye ayeka i- reducciónes kunye ne- reduçãos ekubhubhiseni. Abemi basaphila babalekela, kwaye amaJesit ashutshwe eMzantsi Melika, njengoko ayevela kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi.
Nangona kunjalo, umoya wabo uhlala kwiindawo eziphangaleleyo: ezilishumi elinesithandathu zokunciphisa eArgentina, ezisixhenxe eParaguay kunye ne-seven reduçãos kwizinto eziza kuba yiBrazil.
Iintlanganiso zokuqala zaseBrazil, zaqala ngo-1609, kodwa zashiywe ngo-1640 emva kokuhlaselwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo yiPaulistas, evela eSao Paulo, eyayisungulwe ngamaJesitti ngo-1554. Emva koko iimpahla zazixhobile kwaye zilungele ukuxosha i- bandeirantes , isiPutukezi nesiqingatha abathunywa bekhoboka baseNdiya abavela eBrazil.
E-Paraguay, iindawo zokumisela zazijoliswe phakathi kweemilambo zeTebleuary yParaná, ngoku ziphi amasebe eMisiones naseItapúa. Khangela le mephu.
I-Jesusit yokuqala Reducción eParaguay ifumaneka kwisixeko saseSan Ignacio de las Misiones, i-226 Km ukusuka e-Asunción. Imyuziyamu yemishini imele onke ama-Jesuit ahlengahlengayo ngembono ocacileyo ngendlela yokuphila yabavangeli.
Kufumaneka kwisixeko saseSanto Cosme y Damián, i-342 Km ukusuka eAsunción, lo msebenzi wawuyi-astronomical observatory nesikolo.
Efumaneka eSanta María, i-240 Km ukusuka eAsunción, kufuphi neCiudad de San Ignacio, lo myalelo wakhiwe ngezinga elikhulu. Inemyuziyam kunye neenkcukacha zobungcali kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla.
Le mishini yenye yezona ndawo zisemagqabini ezithunywa zeembali ezisetyenziswayo. Amakhaya ama-Indiya anqamle indawo ephambili apho kukho izikhumbuzo kunye neyamyuziyamu. Kufumaneka kwisixeko saseSantiago, esiyiziko leFiesta de la Tradición Misionera .
Ezinye iiparagu zaseParaguay, i-Argentina, iBolivia, iBrazil kunye ne-Uruguayya kwiphepha elilandelayo.
- Jesús del Tavarangué (1685)
Ebizwa ngokuba ngu- Patrimonio Universal de la Humanidad yi-UNESCO ngo-1993, kwaye ikhona kwiCiudad de Jesús, le mishini ikwiindawo ezibukrakra kwaye yenye yeyona ndlela ibuyiselwe kwaye ihambele i-Jesusit reducciónes . - USanta Rosa de Lima (1698)
I-248 Km e-Asunción edibeneyo kwisixeko saseSanta Rosa, le mishini iyaziwa kakhulu ngeenkcukacha zobugcisa kunye neCapilla de Loreto. - Trinidad del Paraná (1706)
Kwakhona kuthiwa nguPatrimonio Universal de la Humanidad yi-UNESCO ngo-1993, oku kwaba ngowokugqibela kwe-Jesuit yokunciphisa eParaguay kwaye nguye oye watyelela rhoqo. Icawa enkulu, isikolo, ii-workshops, izindlu, amangcwaba, izityalo zezityalo kunye neyamyuziyamu zinika ingqiqo ebomini nasefilosofi yemisebenzi.Ajentina:
Uninzi lweentlanganiso zikhoyo phakathi kwemida yaseParaguay neBrazil, kwiphondo leMission. - San Jose de Lules
- I-San Ignacio Miní (1732)
- Umsebenzi kaSan Ignacio Miní, uNoestra Señora de Loreto, uSanta Ana, iSanta María
- Corpus, San Carlos, San José, Martires, San Javier, Conception, Apostoles, Santo Tomé, Yapeiu, La Cruz, Candelaria
- USo Lou Louco Martir , obizwa ngokuba nguSan Lorenzo kwiphondo yaseParana.
- I-San Nicolas , eyasungulwa yaseBrazil kwaye yafudukela kuloo ngoku iphondo lezithunywa zevangeli ezilandelayo zihlaselwa yi- bandeirantes .
- USanta Ana , owasekelwe eBrazil waza wabuyela kule ndawo kufuphi nomlambo waseParana.
Bholiviya:
Iintlanganiso zifumaneka kwingingqi yaseChiquitania ukusuka eSanta Cruz, empuma ngaphesheya kweRío Grande ukuya kumda neBrazil. Imisebenzi, eyakhiwe phakathi kwe-1696 neye-1760, yabhengezwa "iGugu leMhlaba" yiKomiti yeLifa leMveli le-UNESCO ngo-1990. - I-San Javier 1691, yayiyimisebenzi yokuqala yaseBolivia. Icawa yayo "isakhiwo esisezantsi eside, uphahla luhla ngokukhawuleza ukudala i-veranda emacaleni kunye nesango elide ngaphambili. Kukho umgca wecala kwelinye icala, kunye neentsimbi ezivulekile zokhuni. Ingaphakathi lecawa ngumxube olula kunye nemigca emibini yamakholomu amakhulu, nganye evezwe emthi owodwa, ehla ukuya esibingelelweni esiphakamileyo. Imithi iyathathwa ngemibala emibini, ibomvu elibomvu elenziwe kumhlaba wendawo, kunye nomnyama kwi-soot. Ngaphezulu kwesibingelelo iziqulatho - ezingekho phantsi kwemilinganiselo ye-Jesusit, kodwa evuyo - ukuxelela ibali lama-Jesuits. Ekhiyiwe emini, ebusuku ubusuku obuya kuphila xa amashanela kagesi avutha ngokukhanya kwaye i-nave ixutywe inkonzo yenkonzo. "
Ama-Jesuit aseBolivia: - San Ramón
- San Ignacio de Velazco
- Concepción
- USanta Ana (1637)
- ESan José de Chiquitos
- San Jose
- I-San Francisco Javier, uConception, iSig Miguel, iSan Rafael
- USao Joaquin (1747), iSan Estanislao (1747), uBelen (1760)
Brazil:
- I-Sao Miguel Arcanjo (das Missoes) (1687) , kufuphi nesixeko saseSanto Angelo, "Uluhlu lwe-Unesco njengeZiko leMveli leMhlaba, amanxuwa ecawa yecawa yaseSão Miguel yiyona nto ingumqondiso waseBrazil wempucuko yomvangeli. Eyilwe ngumbingeleli waseJesitti kunye nomklami uJoão Batista Promoli, icawa ngumzekelo wobugcisa baroque abavangeli basemazweni, abaphefumlelwe yimithetho yokubuyiswa kwe-Renaissance eyasungulwa nguVignola kwicawa yaseGesu eRome. Isakhiwo esikhulu sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwizithili zamaJesuit, sineendawo zokuhlala zindonga, izahlulo, izambatho, i-facade kunye nensimbi yentsimbi, kwaye, njengendawo ebalulekileyo yelifa lehlabathi, ligcinwe libuye libuyiselwe yiSebe leNkcubeko. Ngasemva kwalo yiMyuziyam ye-Missões, apho izinto zobugcisa nezakhiwo zakhiwo ziboniswa kwaye kukho ukuhlaziywa kweendawo zokuhlala kunye nezindlu zaseNdiya ngumlondolozi uLucio Costa. "
- San Luis Gonzaga kunye neSanto Angel Custodio Missions
- USanto Angelo (1706), uSao Francisco de Borja (1682), uSao Nicolau, uSao Luiz Gonzaga, uSoo Lourenço Martir (1690), uSoo Joao Batista (1697)
Uruguwayi:
- I-San Juan Bautista ngolu suku lwamaColonia de Sacramento, olusungulwe ngokusemthethweni yiPutukezi.
ukuba ufike kuyo nayiphi na imisebenzi, khangela iindiza ezivela kwindawo yakho. Unokuphinda uphendule iehotele kunye nokuqashisa imoto.
Ngaba uye watyelela ama-Jesuit? Ukuba kunjalo, yabelana ngamava akho ngeposi kwiforum.
Buen viaje!