Ukuba uceba ukuhamba eMzantsi Melika, kufuneka uqaphele inani leenyikima ezithatha kwilizwekazi ngalinye ngonyaka. Ngelixa abanye abantu bejonga izityikima ezifana neziganeko ezithile, kukho ukuzamazama komhlaba okungaphezu kweyigidi rhoqo ngonyaka-nangona ezininzi zazo zincinci zihlala zingapheli. Sekunjalo, abanye bahlala emininzi imizuzu ebonakala ngathi ziiyure kwaye ingabangela ukuba utshintsho olukhulu kumhlaba xa ezinye ziyimimangaliso enobungozi enkulu ebangela ukutshabalalisa nokulahleka kobomi.
Inyikima enkulu eyenzekayo eMzantsi Melika, ngokukodwa emaphethelweni "Umlambo Womlilo," unokubangela ukuba ama-tsunami aqhutywe kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni aseChile nasePeruvia aze asasaze kulo lonke i-Pacific Ocean ukuya eHawaii, ePhilippines naseJapane ngamaza amakhulu ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezu kweenyawo ezili-100 eziphezulu.
Xa ukutshabalalisa okukhulu kuvela kwimikhosi yendalo ngaphakathi komhlaba, kunzima ukucinga nokuvuma umonakalo nokutshatyalaliswa. Ukusinda kusenza sizibuze ukuba sinokuphila njani kwelinye, kwaye kunjalo, akukho siphelo sokuzamazama komhlaba. Iingcali zibonisa ukulungiselela ukulungiselela ukuzamazama komhlaba. Kubekho isilumkiso esisengaphambili, kodwa ukuba ulungiselele, unokufumana ithuba elilula kunabanye.
Yintoni ebangela ukuqubuka komhlaba eMzantsi Melika
Kukho imimandla emibini enkulu kwihlabathi emhlabeni jikelele. Enye i-Alpide ibhanti eyenza iYurophu kunye ne-Asia, ngelixa elinye linxweme le-circumpacific lePasifike elijikeleza i-Pacific Ocean, elichaphazela amaNxweme aseMntla Melika kunye neMzantsi Melika, eJapan kunye nePhilippines kwaye iquka iKhomlo yoMlilo kunye Amantla eNyakatho yePacific.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kule mabhanti kwenzeka xa iiplati ezimbini ze-tectonic, ephantsi komhlaba, zidibene kunye, okanye zidibene ngaphaya komnye, ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza, okanye ngokukhawuleza. Isiphumo salo msebenzi msinya kukukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kokukhululeka okukhulu kwamandla okutshintsha ekuhambeni kwegesi.
La maza ajikeleza umhlaba, ukudala ukuhamba kwehlabathi. Ngenxa yoko, iintaba ziphakama, umhlaba uwa okanye uvule, kwaye izakhiwo ezikufutshane nale misebenzi zingakwazi ukuwa, amabhuloho angakwazi ukunqumla, kwaye abantu banokufa.
EMzantsi Melika, inxalenye yebhanti ye-circum-Pacific iquka ama-Nazca kunye namacwecwe aseMzantsi Afrika. Phantse intshukumo emithathu intshukumo ivela phakathi kwala macwecwe ngonyaka. Esi sikhokelo sisiphumo sesithathu, kodwa iziganeko ezidibeneyo. Phantse ii-1.4 intshi ye-Nazca iplani ehamba kakuhle phantsi kweMzantsi Melika, edala uxinzelelo olunzulu olwenza i-volcano; omnye u-1.3 amasentimitha uvalelwe kumda weplate, ukucwina eMzantsi Melika, kwaye ukhutshwe yonke ikhulu leminyaka okanye kwimihlaba emikhulu; kwaye malunga neyesithathu yamashishini ama-intshi eMzantsi Melika ngokusisigxina, ukwakha ii-Andes.
Ukuba inyikima eyenzeka kufuphi okanye ngaphantsi kwamanzi, isisombululo sibangela ukuba isantya sokutshulwa saziwa njenge-tsunami, evelisa amaza anqabileyo kwaye anobungozi angakhupha kwaye aqhube ubuninzi beenyawo phezu kweenxweme.
Ukuqonda ukulingana kweMihlaba
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izazinzulu ziye zafumana ukuqonda okungcono kweentshukumo-mhlaba ngokuzifunda nge-satellite, kodwa i-Richter Magnitude Scale ehloniphekileyo yisexesha iyakwazi ukuqonda ukuba inkulu kangakanani le mi sebenzi.
I-Richter Magnitude Scale yinani elisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubungakanani benyikima-mhlaba eyenza isithintelo ngasinye ubukhulu-okanye umlinganiselo kwi-seismograph yomelela yamagagasi anesimo sezulu esithunyelwe kwi-focus.
Inombolo nganye kwi-Richter Magnitude Scale ibonisa inyikima enamaxesha amathathu anesibini enamandla njengalona inani elilandelelweyo kodwa lingasetyenziselwa ukuhlola umonakalo, kodwa ubukhulu nobukhulu. Isilinganisi siye sahlaziywa ukuze kungabikho umda ophezulu. Kungekudala, esinye isixa esibizwa ngokuba yiMamente Magnitude Scale senzelwe ukufundwa ngokuchanekileyo kweentshukumo ezinkulu.
Imbali yoMhlaba omkhulu eMzantsi Melika
Ngokutsho kwe-United States Geological Survey (USGS), phakathi kweentshukumo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ukususela ngo-1900, eziliqela zenzeke eMzantsi Melika kunye neyona nto inkulu, i-9.5 yokulinganisa kwenxalenye, iindawo ezibhubhisa zaseChile ngo-1960.
Enye inyikima eyenzeka kummandla wase-Ecuador, kufuphi ne-Esmeraldas ngoJanuwari 31, 1906, ngobukhulu be-8.8. Le nyikima yavelisa i-tsunami ye-5-m yendawo eyatshabalalisa izindlu ezingama-49, yabulala abantu abangama-500 eColombia, kwaye yabhalwa eSan Diego naseSan Francisco, kwaye ngo-Agasti 17, 1906, ukuzamazama kwe-8.2 eChile yonke yabhubha iValparaiso.
Ukongezelela, ezinye iintlanzi ezibalulekileyo ziquka:
- Ngo-Meyi 31, 1970, inyikima yasePeru ene-7.9 yabulala ama-66,000 kwaye yabangela umonakalo we-$ 530,000, wonakalisa ilali laseRamrahirca.
- Ngomhla ka-Julayi 31, 1970, inyikima eyisi-8 yahlasela iKolombia.
- Ngomhla ka-Juni 9, 1994, iBolivia yahlushwa i-quiz 8.2.
- Ngomhla kaJanuwari 25, 1999, ukuzamazama kwe-6.2 ku-Colombia.
- IPeru yaseNxweme yahlaselwa yi-7.5 yokuzamazama ngoJuni 23, 2001.
- NgoNovemba 15, 2004, inyikima ye-7.2 yabetha ogwini olusentshonalanga yaseColombia, kufuphi neChocó.
- Ngo-Agasti 15, 2007, inyikima ye-8.0 yabetha uSan Vicente de Cañete, eLima, ePeru.
- NgoSeptemba 16, 2015, inyikima ye-8.3 yabetha i-Illapel, eChile.
- Ngo-Apreli 15, ngo-2016, inyikima ye-7.8 yabetha ummandla we-Ecuador kufuphi ne-Muisne ngokutshabalalisa ukuya eGuayaquil.
Ezi azinjalo kuphela iinyikima ezibhalwe eMzantsi Melika. Labo baqala kwiColombia bangekho kwiincwadi zeembali, kodwa abo bahamba ngohambo lukaChristopher Columbus baqatshelwe, ukususela kwi-earthquake ye-1530 eVenezuela. Ukufumana iinkcukacha zezinye zezi nyikimazi phakathi kwe-1530 no-1882, nceda ufunde amaMzantsi aseMerika aseMonakalisweni, apapashwe ngo-1906.