Nangona ukuhlala ukhuselekile e-Afrika ngokuqhelekileyo ngumcimbi wokuqonda, kukho imimandla okanye amazwe asemthethweni angakhuselekanga ngabakhenkethi. Ukuba usenkonzweni yokucwangcisa uhambo oluya e-Afrika kwaye ungaqiniseki ngokukhuseleko kwendawo oyikhethiweyo, yinto efanelekileyo ukujonga izilumkiso zokuhamba ezikhutshwe yiSebe lase-US.
Ziziphi Iingcebiso Zokuhamba?
Izilumkiso okanye iingcebiso ezikhutshwayo zikhutshwa nguRhulumente kwizame zokuqaphela abantu base-US malunga nezingozi zokuhamba kwindawo ethile okanye ilizwe.
Zi sekelwe kwiingcaphephe zengcali yeemeko zezopolitiko nezentlalo zangoku. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izilumkiso zihanjiswa njengeempendulo kwiinkqubela ezikhawulezayo ezifana nemfazwe yombutho, ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okanye ukubetha kwezombusazwe. Kananjalo banokukhishwa ngenxa yeengxabano zentlalo eziqhubekayo okanye amazinga olwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe kakubi; kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kubonakalisa ukukhathazeka kwezempilo (ezifana ne-West Africa ebola ephene ye-2014).
Njengamanje, iingcebiso zendlela yokuhamba zikwahlula kwisikali se-1 ukuya kwe-4. Inqanaba 1 "lisebenza ngokuqhepha ngokuqhelekileyo", oko kuthetha ukuba akukho nto ikhuselekileyo ngokukhuseleko okwangoku. Umgangatho wesi-2 "usebenze ukhenketho", oku kuthetha ukuba kukho umngcipheko kwiindawo ezithile, kodwa kufuneka usenokukwazi ukuhamba ngokukhuselekileyo nje ngokuba uyazi ingozi kwaye wenze ngokufanelekileyo. Umgangatho wesi-3 "ucinga kwakhona ngeendlela zokuhamba," oko kuthetha ukuba zonke iindlela zokuhamba eziyimfuneko azicebisi. Umgangatho wesi-4 "musa ukuhamba", oko kuthetha ukuba imeko yangoku iyingozi kubavakhenkethi.
Ukufumana ulwazi olungakumbi malunga neemeko ezikhuthaza izilumkiso ezihamba ngabanye, qwalasela ukujonga iingcebiso ezikhutshwe ngabanye oorhulumente ngokunjalo, kuquka iKhanada, i-Australia kunye ne-United Kingdom.
Iingcebiso zohambo lwe-US zamanje kwilizwe lamaAfrika
Ngezantsi, siye sahlula zonke iingcebiso zeehambo zaseAfrika ezikhoyo kwiNqanaba 2 okanye ngaphezulu.
Makukhumbule: Nceda uqaphele ukuba izilumkiso zokuhamba ziguqula lonke ixesha kwaye ngelixa eli nqaku lihlaziywa rhoqo, kukulungele ukujonga iwebhusayithi yeSebe lase-US ngokuthe ngqo phambi kokubhuka uhambo lwakho.
Aljeriya
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela. Ukuhlaselwa kobuphekula kunokuqhutyelwa ngaphandle kokulumkisa, kwaye kubonakala kunokwenzeka kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Isilumkiso sicebisa ngokubhekiselele ekuhambeni kwimizila yasemaphandleni ngaphakathi kweekhilomitha ezingama-50 ukusuka kumda weTunisia, okanye kwiikhilomitha ezili-250 ukusuka kwimida yaseLibya, eNiger, eMali naseMauritania. Uhambo oluya kwi-desert yaseSahara alukhuthazwa.
Bhekina Faso
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela nobutyebi. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela buxhaphakile, ngokukodwa kwimimandla yasezidolophini, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kujoliswe kumazwe angaphandle. Ukuhlaselwa kobugandeleko kwenzeke kwaye kuya kwenzeka kwakhona nanini na. Ngokukodwa, isilumkiso silumkisa malunga nawo wonke uhambo ukuya kwindawo yaseSahel kumda weMali kunye noNiger, apho ukuhlaselwa kwamagorha kubandakanye ukuthunjwa kwabakhenkethi baseNtshona.
Burundi
Iseluleko senqanaba le-3 elikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu kunye neengxabano ezixhobileyo. Ubugebengu obundlobongela, kuquka ukuhlaselwa kwe-grenade, ziqhelekile. Ubundlobongela obuncitshiswayo buvela ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwezopolitiko oluqhubekayo, ngelixa iipolisa kunye neendlela zokuhlola ezempi zingenza umda wokuhamba.
Ngokukodwa, ukuhlaselwa emiphandleni ngamaqela ahlomile ase-DRC aqhelekileyo kumaphondo aseCibitoke naseBubanza.
Khameruni
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela yingxaki kwiCameroon, nangona ezinye iindawo zibi ngaphezu kwabanye. Ingakumbi, urhulumente ucebisa malunga nokuhamba ukuya kwiindawo eziMntla nakwiNtshona nakwiindawo ezikuMntla nakwi-Adamawa. Kule mimandla, ithuba lezinto zesigebengu liye laphakanyiswa kwaye ukutshutshiswa kuyimbangela yokukhathazeka.
Iriphabliki yaseAfrika eseMbindini
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 4 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela kunye neengxabano zomphakathi. Ukuphanga, ukubulala kunye nokuhlaselwa okuhlaselekileyo kuyaqhelekile, ngelixa amaqela axhobileyo alawula indawo ezininzi zelizwe kwaye ahlala ejolise kuluntu ngokutshutshiswa nokubulala. Ukuvalwa ngokukhawuleza komoya kunye nemida yomhlaba xa kwenzeka ukuqhuswa kwemibutho yeso sikhundla kuthetha ukuba abahenketho banokuthi baxakeke xa kukho inkathazo.
Tshad
Iseluleko senqanaba le-3 elikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu, ugqirha kunye nemigodi yam. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela buye lwabikwa kwiChad, ngelixa amaqela amaphekula ahamba ngokukhawuleza nakwilizwe kwaye asebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwingingqi yaseLake Chad. Imijelo ingavalwa ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, ukushiya abavakhenkethi. Imimandla yamanzi ikhona kwimida neLibya neSudan.
Khot divwa
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela nobutyebi. Ukuhlaselwa kwabakhohlakali kunokwenzeka nanini na kwaye kunokwenzeka ukujolisa kwiindawo zokuvakasha. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela (kubandakanya ukutshatyalaliswa kwemoto, ukuhlasela kwekhaya kunye nokuphanga okuxhobileyo) kuqhelekileyo, ngelixa ama-Rhulumente waseburhulumenteni ase-US avunyelwe ukuqhuba ngaphandle kweedolophu ezinkulu emva kokumnyama kwaye ngoko ke unokunceda ngoncedo.
Iriphabliki yaseKhongo Ekhululekile
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela kunye neengxabano zomphakathi. Kukho izinga eliphezulu lolwaphulo-mthetho, kubandakanya ukuphanga, ukuhlaselwa ngokwesondo nokuhlaselwa. Ukubonakaliswa kwezopolitiko kuyanyanzeliswa kwaye kaninzi kuvunyelwa impendulo enzima yokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Uhambo oluya empuma yeCongo kunye namaphondo amathathu aseKasai alukhuthazwa ngenxa yeengxabano eziqhubekayo.
Jiphethe
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela. Amaqela amaphekula aqhubeka nokujolisa kwiindawo zokuvakasha, amaziko karhulumente kunye nee-hubs zokuthutha, ngelixa uhambo lwezithuthi lombutho lubonwa njengengozini. Ezinye iindawo zingozi kunezinye. Iindawo ezininzi zokutyelela iinkalo zelizwe zibhekwa njengokukhuselekileyo; ngelixa uhambo ukuya eNtshonalanga yeNtshona, i-Peninsula yaseSinayi nomda awucebisi.
Erithriya
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yezithintelo zokuhamba kunye noncedo oluncinci lwabazalwana. Ukuba ubanjwe e-Eritrea, mhlawumbi ukufikelela kwi-ambassy yase-United States iya kunqandwa ngumthetho wendawo. Abakhenkethi bayacetyiswa ukuba baphinde bacinge ngokuhamba kwinqanaba lomda waseTopiya ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezopolitiko, ukuqhuma okuqhubekayo kunye namanxweme angabonakaliyo.
Yuthophiya
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yokungabikho kwemibutho yoluntu kunye nokuphazamiseka koqhagamshelwano. Ukuya kwi-Arhente yeSithili yaseSomalia ayilwanga icebo ngenxa yokuxhamla, ukukhushulwa kunye nokuhlaselwa komhlaba. Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye neengxabano zomphakathi nazo zicatshangelwa ukuba zihlala kwingingqi yaseMpumalanga Hararge ye-Oromia, indawo yaseDanakil kunye neMida, iSudan, iSudan ne-Eritrea.
Gini-Bisawu
Iseluleko senqanaba le-3 elikhutshwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye noxinzelelo lwabantu. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela yingxaki kwiGuinea-Bissau kodwa ngokukodwa kwisikhululo sezindiza saseBissau nakwi-Bandim Market phakathi kwinqununu. Ukuhlukumeza kwezombusazwe kunye nokungasebenzi kwezenhlalakahle kuye kwaqhubeka iminyaka emininzi, kwaye ingxabano phakathi kwamaqela ingabangela ubundlobongela buqhume nanini na. Akukho bameli be-US eGuinea-Bissau.
Khenya
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela buyingxaki kulo lonke elaseKenya, kwaye abakhenkethi bayacetyiswa ukuba baphephe i-Eastleigh indawo yaseNairobi ngamaxesha onke, kunye neDala eliMdala eMombasa emva kobumnyama. Ukuya kumda waseKenya -Somalia kunye nezinye iindawo ezingaselunxwemeni awunconywa ngenxa yokunyuka komsebenzi wobugqugquzeli.
Libhiya
Umcebisi wezeNqanaba 4 okhutshwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, ubundlobongela, impi-mbambano kunye neengxabano zomphakathi. Amathuba okubanjelwa kwizinto ezinobundlobongela ziphezulu, ngelixa amaqela oogqirha angabhekisela kumazwe angaphandle (kunye nabemi base-US ngokukodwa). I-aircraft ye-Civil isengozini ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula, kwaye iindiza eziphuma nakwii-airports zaseLibya zikhanselwa rhoqo, zishiye abavakhenkethi.
Mali
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 4 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela nobutyebi. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela buqhelekileyo kwilizwe lonke kodwa ikakhulukazi eBamako nakwiindawo ezisemzantsi zaseMali. Iibhenqo kunye nokuhlolwa kwamapolisa okungafunekiyo kuvumele ukuba amapolisa anonakele asebenze ngotyelelo lwabahambi abahamba ngeendlela, ngakumbi ebusuku. Ukuhlaselwa kobugandagu kuyaqhubeka nokujolise kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zivela kwamanye amazwe.
Morithaniya
Iseluleko senqanaba le-3 elikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu nobutshaba. Ukuhlaselwa kobuphekula kungenzeka ngaphandle kwesixwayiso kwaye kunokwenzeka ukujolisa kwiindawo eziqhutyelwa yizokhenketho zaseNtshona. Ubugebengu obundlobongela (kubandakanya ukuphanga, ukudlwengulwa, ukuhlaselwa kunye nokugqithisa) ziqhelekileyo, ngelixa ama-rhu lumente ase-US kufuneka afumane imvume ekhethekileyo yokuhamba ngaphandle kwe-Nouakchott kwaye ngoko ke unokunceda ngoncedo olukhawulezileyo xa kunokwenzeka.
Nayija
Iseluleko senqanaba le-3 elikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu nobutshaba. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela buqhelekileyo, ngelixa ukuhlaselwa kwamagorha kunye nokuthunjwa kubhekiselele kumaziko angaphandle nakwamashishini karhulumente kunye neendawo ezihlala zivakhenkethi. Ngokukodwa, thintela uhambo ukuya kwimida - ikakhulukazi kwingingqi yaseDiffa, kwingingqi yeLake Chad kunye nomda weMali, apho amaqela angqongqo ayaziwa.
Nayijeriya
Iseluleko senqanaba le-3 elikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu, ugqirha kunye nobuqhetseba. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela buqhelekileyo eNigeria, ngelixa ulwaphulo-mthetho lujolise kwiindawo ezininzi kunye nakwii-Federal Capital Territory nakwezinye iindawo zasezidolophini. Ngokukodwa, amazwe asekumantla (ngokukodwa i-Borno) ayelungelelanisa kwimisebenzi yesigebengu. I-Pirira iyinkxalabo yabahambi ukuya eGulf of Guinea, okumele ikhutshwe ukuba kunokwenzeka.
Republic of Congo
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela kunye neengxabano zomphakathi. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela kukukhathazeka kwiRiphabliki yaseCongo, ngelixa ukubonakaliswa kwezopolitiko kudla rhoqo kwaye kaninzi kuguquka. Abakhenkethi bacetyiswa ukuba baphinde baqwalasele ukuhamba ukuya kwinqanaba elisemzantsi nelokuseNtshona kwiNgingqi yePlastiki, apho imisebenzi eqhutywayo yempi ibangela umngcipheko ophezulu wokungabikho kwemibutho yabantu kunye nempi.
Sira Liyoni
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela kuquka ukuhlaselwa kunye nokuphanga ziqhelekileyo, ngelixa amapolisa asekuhlaleni akwazi ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwiziganeko. Abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni baseUnited States bavinjelwe ukuhamba ngaphandle kweFreetown emva kobumnyama, kwaye ngoko ke banokunika uncedo olukhawulelana nawuphi na ukhenketho ofumana ingxaki.
Somaliya
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 4 esikhutshwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, ugqirha kunye nobugqirha. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela buqhelekileyo kwiindawo zonke, kunye neziganeko ezingekho mthethweni kunye neziganeko eziphezulu zokutshutshiswa nokubulala. Ukuhlaselwa kobuphekula kubhekiselele kubakhenkethi baseNtshona, kwaye kuya kwenzeka ukuba kungabikho isilumkiso. Iipracy iqhubekile kumanzi asemhlabeni wonke kwiPhondo lase-Afrika, ngokukodwa kufuphi nolunxweme lwaseSomalia.
Mzantsi Afrika
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Ubugebengu obundlobongela kubandakanya ukuphanga, ukudlwengula nokudlwengula kunye nokuhlaselwa kwezithuthi eziqhelekileyo eMzantsi Afrika, ngokukodwa kwizithili zoshishino eziphambili kwizixeko ezinkulu emva kobumnyama. Nangona kunjalo, ezininzi iinkalo zelizwe zibhekwa ngokukhuselekileyo ngokukhuselekileyo-ngakumbi ipaki yeendawo zasemaphandleni kunye neendawo zokugcina.
South Sudan
Umcebisi wezeNqanaba 4 okhutshwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nempi. Ingxabano eqhutywayo iyaqhubeka phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo ezopolitiko kunye noluntu, ngelixa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo luqhelekile. Izinga lolwaphulo-mthetho kwiJuba ngokukhethekileyo zibaluleke kakhulu, kunye namagosa karhulumente ase-US avunyelwe ukuba bahambe ngeenqwelo zokulwa. Izilungiso kwihambo ezisemthethweni ngaphandle kweJuba zithetha ukuba abakhenkethi abanako ukuthembela ngoncedo kwimeko engxamisekileyo.
Sudan
Iseluleko senqanaba le-3 elikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela kunye neengxabano zomphakathi. Amaqela amaphekula aseSudan athi iinjongo zabo zilimaza abaseNtshona, kwaye ukuhlaselwa kuya kwenzeka, ngakumbi eKhayrtoum. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwemibutho yomphakathi, i-curfews inikwe isilumkiso esincinci, nangona kubanjwe ngokungabonakaliyo. Bonke abaya eDarfur, i-Blue Nile kunye nelizwe laseMzantsi Kordofan libhekwa lingakhuselekanga ngenxa yempi.
Thanzaniya
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu, ugqirha nokujoliswa kwabahambi be-LGBTI. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela buqhelekileyo eTanzania, kwaye kubandakanya ukuhlaselwa ngokwesondo, ukuthumba, ukumbamba kunye nokuthutha. Amaqela amaphekula aqhubeka nokucwangcisa ukuhlaselwa kwiindawo ezithatyathwa ngabakhenkethi baseNtshona, kwaye kukho iingxelo zabahambi be-LGBTI bexhatshazwa okanye babanjwe kwaye bahlawuliswa ngamacala angalinganiyo.
Thogo
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela kunye neengxabano zomphakathi. Ubugebengu obundlobongela obuninzi (njengokwenza imoto) kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo (kuquka ukuphanga okuxhobileyo) luqhelekile, ngelixa izigwenxa ngokwazo zihlala zijoliswe kwi-justice vigilante. Ubundlobongela bezenzo ziphumela kwizibonakaliso zentlanga rhoqo, kunye nababhikishi kunye namapolisa axhomekeke kumaqhinga obundlobongela.
Thunishiya
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela. Imimandla ethile ithathwa njengengozini yokuhlasela kunokunye. Urhulumente ucebisa ngelinye ilanga ukuya eSidi Bou Zid, intlango yonxweme yeRemada, indawo yommandla wase-Algeria kunye neentaba ezikuntla-ntshona-ntshona (kuquka neCape National Park). Ukuhamba ngaphaya kweekhilomitha ezili-30 ukusuka kumda weLibya akukhuthazwa.
Yuganda
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Nangona iindawo ezininzi zase-Uganda zibhekwa njengezikhuselekileyo, kukho iziganeko eziphezulu zolwaphulo-mthetho (kubandakanya ukuphanga okuxhobileyo, ukuhlaselwa ekhaya kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokwesondo) kwizixeko ezinkulu zelizwe. Abakhenkethi bacetyiswa ukuba banakekele ngakumbi eKampala nase-Entebbe. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni awanakho izixhobo zokuphendula ngokufanelekileyo ngongxamiseko.
Zimbhabhwe
Iseluleko sohambo lwe-Level 2 esikhutshwe ngenxa yobundlobongela kunye neengxabano zomphakathi. Ukungazinzi kwezombusazwe, ubunzima bezoqoqosho kunye nemiphumo yenkomfa yakutshanje kuye kwabangela ukungqubuzana komphakathi, okungazibonakalisa ngokubonakalisa obundlobongela. Ubundlobongela obundlobongela buqhelekileyo kwaye buxhaphake kwiindawo eziqhutyelwa yizokhenketho zaseNtshona. Abacebisi bayacetyiswa ukuba bangabonakalisi iimpawu zobutyebi.