Ibali eliyinyaniso yendlela enye yomsebenzi waphela ngayo kwiikholeji ezingama-28 ezahlukeneyo
Ukuba unokuba ngumdlali onobugcisa obunemifanekiso ye-Impressionist yobugcisa, usenokuba wabona u-Edgar Degas "Omncinci Omncinci weMinyaka elishumi elinesine" (1881) kwiMetropolitan Museum of Art .
Kwaye i-Musee d'Orsay. Kwaye iMyuziyam yoBugcisa, iBoston. Kukho enye kwiGraphic National Art of Art eWashington DC, kunye neTate Modern kunye nabanye abaninzi. Konke kunye, kukho iinguqulelo ezingu-28 ze "Little Dancer" kwiimyuziyam kunye neembali ezijikelezayo kwihlabathi.
Ngoko ukuba iimyuziyam zihlala zibonisa okoqobo (kwaye zihlala zixabiso) imisebenzi yobugcisa, ingaba njani oku? Nguwuphi o kwenene? Ngokukodwa, w hy kukhona "abaninzi abadansi"? Ibali libandakanya umculi, umzekelo, iqela labagxeki abavuthayo kunye nesiseko sobhedu.
Masiqale ekuqaleni. Xa u-Edgar Degas eba nomdla kwi-ballet abadansa kwi-Opera yaseParis, kwakucatshangelwa njengengxabano njengoko la ngamantombazana kunye nabasetyhini beeklasi eziphantsi. Lawa mabhinqa azivalekile ngokubonisa izixhobo zabo zezemidlalo kwiimpahla ezifanelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, basebenze ebusuku kwaye babehlala bexhasa. Ngethuba namhlanje sibheka ibhalts ukuba inzala ephezulu yabantu abakhulileyo, uDegas wayenengxabano ngokubeka ingqalelo kubasetyhini ukuba uluntu lwama-Victori lubonakala luphulaphula imida yokuthozama nokuhlonipha.
UDegas waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomfanekiso wembali kwaye akazange amkele ngokupheleleyo igama elithi "Impressionist" njengoko wayehlala ecinga ngokuba nguNkoqobo.
Nangona uDegas wasebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye nabaculi be-Impressionist kuquka iMonet neRenoir, uDegas bakhetha indawo yasezidolophini, ukukhanya okubonakalayo kunye nemidwebo kunye nemidwebo eyenziwe ngokucacileyo kwimifanekiso kunye nezifundo. Wayefuna ukubonakalisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nokunyaniseka kweempawu zomzimba. Ukongeza kwidlali ye-ballet, wabonisa imivalo, ii-brothels kunye nezigcawu zokubulala, kungekhona amabhuloho amahle kunye neentyantyambo zamanzi.
Mhlawumbi ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye imisebenzi yakhe ebonisa abadansa, lo mfanekiso ucebile ngengqondo. Ekuqaleni kulungile, kuba yinto engabonakaliyo ngokukhawuleza.
Ngasekupheleni kwe-1870, u-Degas waqala ukufundisa ngokwakhe ukutyhila emva kwexesha elide elisebenza kwipeyinti kunye ne-pastels. Ngokukodwa, uDegas wasebenza kancinci kwaye ngokuzithandela kweso siqalo somdanso omncinci we-ballet usebenzisa umzekelo awayedibana naye esikolweni sase-Paris Opera esikolweni.
Umzekelo nguMarien Genevieve von Goethem, umfundi waseBelgium owayesejoyine inkampani yase-Paris Opera ye-ballet njengendlela yokuphuma kwintlupheko. Unina wayesebenza kwindawo yokuhlamba kwaye udadewabo omdala wayengumhenyukazi. (Udade omncinci kaMarie naye waqeqesha nge-ballet.) Waqala ukucela uDegas xa wayeneminyaka eyi-11 ubudala, kwakhona xa wayeneminyaka eyi-14, emibini kunye neengubo zakhe. UDegas wakha umfanekiso owenziwe nge-arix kunye ne-clay clay.
UMarie uboniswe njengoko kwakunokwenzeka ukuba; intombazana evela koqeqesho lweeklasi ezihluphekayo ukuba ibe yi-ballerina. Umi kwindawo yesine, kodwa ayilunganga ngokukodwa. Kubonakala sengathi uDegas uyamthatha ngomzuzwana ngexesha lomsebenzi oqhelekileyo kunokuba asebenze kwisigaba. Iimilenze emilenzeni yakhe zi-lumpy kwaye zigcwala kwaye ubuso bakhe buqhubela phambili endaweni kunye negama elikude libonisa ukuba uyazama ukuthatha indawo phakathi kwabadlali.
Uxhamla ngokuzithemba ngokunyanzeliswa nangokuzimisela. Umsebenzi wokugqibela wawungumdaka ongaqhelekanga wempahla. Wayede egqoke kunye neendwangu ze-satin, i-tutu yangempela kunye neenwele zomntu ezixutywe kwi-wax kwaye ziboshwe emva kwesaphetha.
I- Petite Danseuse de Quatorze Ans, njengoko wayebizwe xa eqala ukubonakaliswa eParis kwi- Sixth Impressionist Exhibition ngowe-1881, ngokukhawuleza waba ngumxholo wokudumisa kwaye wayenqabileyo. Umgxeki wobuGcisa uPaul de Charry wancoma ngokuba "yinto engavamile" kwaye wambona ukuba yinto ephezulu. Abanye babecinga ubugcisa bezinto ezidlulileyo kwimifanekiso yaseSpeyin yobugcisa be-Gothic okanye imisebenzi yaseYiputa yasendulo, zombini iiswele zabantu kunye nezambatho ezisetyenziswayo. Enye impembelelo enokuthi ivela kwiminyaka edlulileyo eyenziwa nguDegas waseNaples, e-Italiya evakashele umama wakhe owayeshade uGaetano Bellelli, ibharon yaseNtaliyane.
Apho, uDegas wayenokuba nefuthe lemifanekiso yaseMadonna eyayineentloko zabantu, izambatho zengubo, kodwa ezazihlala zifana nabasetyhini abasemaphandleni aseNtaliyane. Kamva kwagqatswa ukuba mhlawumbi uDegas wayexakeka kuluntu lwaseParis kwaye umfanekiso wawuyimpembelelo yemibono yabo yabantu abasebenzayo.
Abahlaziyi bemihla bavakala kakhulu kwaye ekugqibeleni banokubaluleka. ULouis Enault wabiza lo mfanekiso ukuba "ufihlekile," waza wongezelela wathi, "Akuzange kube nantoni ebunzima ukuma." Umgxeki waseBrithani wakhala ngesantya indlela ubugcisa obuphantsi bebule ngayo. Ezinye izigxeko (ezingama-30 ezinokuhlanganiswa) ziquka ukuthelekisa "uMdanci Omncinane" kumfanekiso weMadame Tussaud, i-mannequin kunye ne "semi-idiot"
I-"Little Little Dancer Face" yaxutyushwa ngokugqithiseleyo. Wayechazwa njengento ekhangeleka njengesilwanyana kunye nokuba "nobuso obonakaliswe yizithembiso ezizondayo zonke iziphambano." Ngethuba lexesha lika-Victori ukufundwa kwe-phrenology, ngoko i-theory eyaziwayo kakhulu neyayithandwa kakhulu yenzululwazi yenzelwe ukuqikelela ukuziphatha komzimba kunye nobuchule beengqondo ezisekelwe kubukhulu bekratshi. Le nkolelo yabangela abaninzi ukuba bakholelwe ukuba uDegas wanika "uMdanci omncinane" impumlo ephakamileyo, umlomo kunye nokuphuma kwiphambi ukubonisa ukuba wayebugebengu. Kwakhona kwimiboniso yayingumdwebo we-pastel nguDegas owawubonisa ababulali abaye baqinisa imfundiso yabo.
UDegas wayengenzi nto enjalo. Njengoko wayenayo yonke imidwebo yakhe kunye nemidwebo yabadlali, wayenomdla wokunyuka kwemizimba yangempela awazange azame ukuyenza. Wasebenzisa i-palette ecebile kunye ne-softline, kodwa akazange afune ukufihla inyaniso yeziphathamandla zakhe okanye izilwanyana. Ekupheleni kombukiso waseParis, "uMdanci omncinane" wahamba engaqinisekanga kwaye wabuyiswa kwisikripthi somculi apho sasihlala phakathi kwee-150 nezinye izifundo ezenziwe ngomfanekiso emva kokufa kwakhe.
Ngokuphathelele uMarie, konke owaziwayo ngaye kukuba uphunyezwe kwi-Opera ngenxa yokukhawuleza ukuhlaziya kwaye waphumela kwimbali ngonaphakade.
Ngako-ke, "uMdanci Omncinci weMinyaka elishumi elinesine" waphelela njani kwiimyuziyamu ezingama-28 ezahlukeneyo?
Xa uDegas wafa ngowe-1917, kwakukho imifanekiso engaphezu kwe-150 kwi-wax kunye nodongwe efunyenwe kwi-studio yakhe. Iindlalifa zikaDegas zagunyazisa ukuba iikopi zenziwe ngethusi ukuze kugcinwe imisebenzi ehlahloleyo kwaye ukuze bathengiswe njengeziqwenga. Inkqubo yokuphosa yayilawulwa ngokuqinileyo kwaye iququzelelwe ngumbutho oqaqambileyo we-bronze waseParis. Iikopi ezingamashumi amathathu ze-"Little Dancer" zenziwe ngowe-1922. Njengoko ifa likaDegas lakhula kwaye i-Impressionism yaqhutyelwa ekuthandeni, la ma-bronzes anikwe i-silk tutus atholakala kwiimyuziyam emhlabeni wonke.
Ziphi i "Little Dancers" kwaye ndingabonwa njani na?
Umzobo we-wax wangaphambili kwi-National Gallery of Art eWashington DC Ngomboniso okhethekileyo malunga ne "Little Dancer" ngo-2014, umculo owawuqala kwiKennedy Centre wenziwa umzekelo njengomzamo oyingcamango wokubambisana nabanye bakhe ubomi obungaqondakaliyo.
Ubumbano obhedu obuhlala kwiimyuziyam kwaye luyabonwa luluntu lu:
I-MD yaseBaltimore, iMyuziyam yoLondolozo lwezobugcisa
Boston MA, iMyuziyam yoBugcisa, uBoston
I-Copenhagen, iDenmark, iGlyptoteket
Chicago IL, Chicago Institute of Art
I-London UK, i-Hay Hill Igalari
I-London UK, iTate Modern
ENew York NY, i-Metropolitan Museum of Art (Le ncinane iDancer ihamba kunye neqoqo elikhulu lentsimbi yebhedu eyenziwa ngexesha elifanayo.)
Norwich UK, Isikhungo saseSainbury for Arts Visual
Omaha NB, iMyuziyamu yaseYoslyn (enye yezinto zokuqokelela)
I-Paris France, i-Musée d'Orsay (Ngaphandle kweMet, le nyuziyamu inomsebenzi oqokelelweyo weeDegas owenza uncedo oluxhomekeke kwi "Little Dancer."
I-Pasadena CA, i-Norton Simon Museum
Philadelphia PA, i-Museum yase-Philadelphia ye-Art
St.
UWilliamstown MA, iSterling noFrancine Clark Art Institute
Iibronzes ezilishumi ziqokelelwe ngasese. Ngo-2011, omnye wabo wamiselwa isitishi nguChristie kwaye kulindeleke ukuba athathe phakathi kwama-25-35 yezigidi. Ayiphumelelanga ukufumana enye ibhidi.
Ukongezelela, kukho inguqu yecala le "Little Dancer" eliqhubeka lixutyushwa malunga nokuba lugqityiwe nguDegas okanye cha. Ukuba isigxina kuDegas samukelwa ngokubanzi, sinokufumana elinye iDancer elungele ukungena kwiqoqo lembali.