KwiiNtshonalanga zaMandulo: Iimpawu zobutyebi, amandla kunye neParanoia
EmaNtla nasentlaveni yaseItali, umhambi udlalwa ngamabhoshongo ayenziwe ngamaxesha adlulileyo, amaninzi malunga nekhulu le-13. Ngamanye amaxesha, njengakwiimeko zaseSan Gimignano , isixeko esincinci sinokuthi, sibheke kude, sibukeka kakhulu njengendawo ekhoyo yesigxina - njengokuba ukhangele iManghattan engafanelekanga.
Imbali emfutshane (Imbali) emfutshane ye-Italy ephakathi
Emva kwemizamo yamaFranks, i-Goths kunye neLombard ukuwunqoba nokudibanisa i-Italy yaseRoma, ukuwa kwegunya likaRhulumente kunye nokuxhamla uxolo oluvela ngaphandle ngaphandle kwe-10 ukuya kwekhulu le-14 kuboniswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwabemi baseItali kunye nokwanda kweso sixeko ubukhulu kunye nobutyebi bentengiselwano.
Njengoko ilizwe libuthathaka, i-elite yolawulo yatshintsha; iibhishophu kunye nee-ejenti zorhulumente ezinika iindlela zokukhwela iindlovu, izilwanyana ze-feudal kunye ne-Episcopal abefundisi abazenza ngokwabo kwii-communes zendawo. Lawo maqumrhu aphezulu kunye nomzi athi alawulwayo yaba yimikhosi elawulayo kwiidolophu ezahlukahlukeneyo kulo lonke elaseItali.
Ii-communes kwakuyimibutho yamadoda ebamba iqumrhu elilawula igunya likarhulumente kwaye ilawula kwaye ilawula izixeko zazo; iintsapho ezimbalwa ezinokuzilawula zikwazi ukulawula isixeko. Kodwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12 leminyaka, ukuqhusana phakathi kweentsapho kwaqala ukuguga, kwaye ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12 kwakuqhelekile ukwakha iinqaba zokuzikhusela njengeenqaba kunye neendawo zokubukeka njengamalungu ase-aristocracy abuyele ekhuselekileyo kwiintsapho zabo. .
Lezi zizwe zangena kwimibutho kunye neminye imibutho, kunye namalungu ahlangeneyo alawula amacandelo esi sixeko, kunye neendonga "zabo" okanye iinqaba ngaphakathi.
Ukufikelela kwamalungu kwinqaba okanye kwiinqaba ziphantsi kwinqanawa engaphantsi komhlaba okanye amabhuloho avela kumabali aphezulu ezindlu zabo ukuya kumafasitela angaphezulu kwinqaba. Iinqaba zazimi njengomqondiso wendlela yamandla kunye nempembelelo yendlu, ephakamileyo kwinqaba enefuthe elikhulu kwintsapho, kodwa yayisebenza njengendawo ekhuselekileyo kunye neendawo zokubukela i-aristocracy enoyika.
Njengoko iindlu ezidibeneyo kunye neendlu ezilawulwa yizo zihlaselwe kwimimandla yemfazwe eneemfazwe, amacandelo kunye namacandelo abo aphakama aphakathi aqala ukuzinzela kwiindawo kunye nakwiidlanga ukukhusela ukubaluleka komsebenzi wabo kunye nokulwa nobudlova besitalato abaphakanyiswa ngabaphathi. Iintetho eziqhelekileyo zaqala ukulahlekelwa amandla kumaspala athandwayo. Ekugqibeleni iPoloolo yaphumelela, ithatha amandla kwi-aristocracy iminyaka engama-500 phambi kobuNguqulelo baseFransi.
Ii-communes ezidumileyo zihlukanise izixeko zibe zithili zolawulo, kwaye ezinye zazo ziye zahlala nanamhla - umzekelo eSiena , apho amalungu eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zohlanga lwePao .
Italy namhlanje
Kumhambi, ixesha elide lokuzimela kweedolophu zaseItali kunye nemimandla inika ngamnye umntu oyingqayizivele; Ukuhamba nge-Italy kufana nokugubha ngokusebenzisa ikhekhe eliyinkimbinkimbi yeempahla zembali ezihlanganiswe ngokubambelela ngokukrakra kwizithethe zendawo. Ukutya kwaseItali, umzekelo, akuyiNtaliyane, yindawo yesithili, njengoko kuninzi lwezithethe zobugcisa kunye nemithendeleko. Yinhlanganisela eyolisayo eyonwaba iintliziyo kuzo zonke iindawo. Yiza ifom kunye nekhamera.
I-Medieval Towers yokujonga
Uza kubona iinqaba e- Centro Storico yezixeko ezininzi zaseItali.
Umzi ogqitywe kakhulu kwiinqaba zawo nguSan Gimignano, apho i-14 yayo yokugcina iinqaba zihlala khona.
Mhlawumbi inqaba eyaziwa kakhulu yiTorre degli Asinelli e- Bologna , ehamba ngamamitha angama-97.20 esibhakabhakeni kwaye ixhomekeke ngamamitha amabini. Ikwabelana ngesithuba kwi-Bologna ye-Piazza Maggiore kunye neLa Torre della Garisenda kwi-48.16 yamitha.
Kwiindwendwe ezinomdla kwiimbali ezininzi ezenza izinto ezintsha kunye neenkcubeko zendlela abazibona ngayo xa behamba, jonga incwadi ethi A Traveler's History of Italy nguValerio Lintner.