Igraffiti ichazwa yi-Oxford Dictionary ngokuthi "ukubhala okanye imidwebo ebhaliweyo, ehlatywe, okanye ehlanjululwe ngokungavumelekanga eludongeni okanye eminye indawo kwindawo kawonkewonke," kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kubuyela emva kokusa kwempucuko (nangakumbi nakwixesha elidlulileyo ukuba ubale i-petroglyphs echitshiweyo emadongeni emaphandleni ngabantu basekuhlaleni). Ewe, ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, amadoda kunye nabasetyhini baye "bafaka" amagama abo kunye nemilayezo malunga nayo yonke indawo enokucinga.
Izinto azifani kakhulu namhlanje, nangona iindlela zitshintshile kwaye imiphumo yesicelo sayo yinkimbinkimbi. Kwi-NYC, abaculi begraffiti (abaziwa kwiindawo zabo njengaba "abalobi") bebefudula bevukela uluntu, i-subcultural anti-establishment eyenza ulwimi lwentlalo ye-hip-hop. Kwii-70s ukuya kwi-90s yokuqala, i-graffiti ibhekwa njengonakaliso kunye nokuchithwa kwepropathi ngokungabi ngumthetho kuphela kodwa ngabahlali bemizi, ngokunjalo, njengokuba kuboniswa ngabaninzi baseNew York ababethelela iinqwelo ezibekwe uphawu okanye "Ibhomu" ngepayipi yefrayuni. Nangona kunjalo, igama elithi "ibhomu" kwi-post-9/11 yeNYC, nangona kunjalo, ngokuqinisekileyo ilahlekelwe isikheno sayo, kwaye i-post-iMeya kaMasipala waseGuuliani yabona imodeli entsha yokuhlanjululwa kweemoto ezinqamlezileyo zetrato ezisetyenziselwa ukuba ziphelise i-graffiti eyayiyo yonke into eyayikhonze njengephepha lodonga emva kwayo yonke into yaseNew Yorker.
Kodwa i-subculture eyayiyimagrafiti yaqhubeka ikhula kwaye isasazeka ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Le mihla, ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa "ubugcisa bezitalato" kwaye oogqirha beli fomu lobugcisa obukhethekileyo bavela kwisibini esikhulu esikhulu sabantu abanemvelaphi eyahlukeneyo yoluntu, isizwe kunye nemfundo. Ubungakanani obuya kubona ezitratweni zaseNew York City namhlanje zibonisa izitayela ezinokubandakanya izibhengezo zezobupolitika zase-Latin-American kunye nobugcisa be-Stencil, iipatto zase-Asia, ukuhlukahluka kobugcisa obuphezulu, ukuthobela isitayela se-hip-hop ubudala, kwaye Kaninzi.
Ekuvukeni kwentsholongwane ye-gentrification eguqula iNew York City ngezantya ezesabekayo, ubugcisa bobugcisa bezitalato sele buba yinto ekhohlakeleyo yokuxoxa. Nangona iindwendwe zedolophini zibhiyozelwa njengento yokulungiswa kwezicwangciso zasezidolophini, sele ixhamla njengento yokuxhamla kwemali kunye nokuguquka kwezinto ezintle ezifudukela kwiindawo zokuhlala, zokufuduka, kunye nokwabiwa kwamasiko kwizorhwebo kunye nophuhliso lwezindlu. Nangona kunjalo, ubugcisa bezitalato e-NYC buyaqhubeka bubangela ukucamngca nokuthokoza kwiso.
I-Queens inesityebi esisemgangathweni yobugcisa bezitalato kunye nakwiindawo ezininzi, uza kufumana ubuninzi bobugcisa bokubhenqa abafundi bakho. Nazi ezinye zeendawo ezilungileyo ze-Queens zokwenza oku:
Izitalathisi zeLIC
Ngesinye isikhathi, kwakukho indawo e-Long Island City (LIC), e-Queens, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"graffiti mecca" yehlabathi: 5 Pointz. Lapha, ezindongeni zakhiwo zeshishini elingu-200,000-square foot Iimitha zamanzi, amaninzi amanqamlezo e-spray-peinted by international 'ngubani' weengcali zeengqungquthela ze-aerosol ezibonakalayo. Xa indawo yokuqala yezoshishino yaba yinto yokukhangela i-graffiti ekuqaleni kwee-1990, yaziwa ngokuba yiPhun Phactory, phambi ekugqibeleni ubizwa ngokuba ngu-5 Pointz - ukubonisa iinqununu ezinhlanu zaseNew York City ziza kunye kunye.
Ngelishwa, ngo-2014, i-5 Pointz yawa kwibhola yokuphuhla, kodwa kwindawo yayo iye yahluma iiprojekthi ezininzi ezenziwe ngezitalato zezakhiwo, zombini iintlobo zomthetho ezingekho mthethweni.
Ukuhamba ngezitrato ze-LIC, unako ukufumana ubugcisa obuthile obungenangqangi okanye ubuncinane bodonga. Ukubonelelwa ukuba bangaphi abaculi abanesithuba esikhoyo kwi-studio kwindawo yokuhlala, kuyafaneleka ukuba indawo yobugcisa iye yachithwa ezitratweni nakwizakhiwo zokwakha.
Kukho iprojekthi yoluntu evulekileyo yomhlaba kwindawo ekuhlala kuyo ebandakanya isiqingatha sebhokisi kwisixeko kwisakhiwo sezitezi ezintathu; kunikwe ininzi yesikhombi kubadlali abachaphazelekayo. Le projekthi ibizwa ngokuba yi-Top-to-Bottom, ibinzana legraffiti elithetha ngethuba elilodwa lokupenda ububanzi bonke nobude beetreni. Imibukiso ibonakala kwisitalato, ukusuka kumanqaku angama-7 anqamlezileyo, kunye ne- Queensboro Bridge .
Isiqalo esilungileyo sokuqala ukuqonda i-Top-to-Bottom kwintlupheko yeStrato lesi-21 kunye ne-43rd Avenue. Izidalwa ze-Technicolor ziza kuphuma kuwe: Thatha ixesha lakho uhambe ngeenxa zonke zakhiwo - izibilini ziza kuzo zonke iimoko kunye nobukhulu, kubandakanye zombini usebenza kunye nokusebenzisana (kunye neendlela ezithile ezenziwe ngokukodwa kwizakhiwo nakwimeko). Abaculi abangama-60 ababandakanyekayo babandakanye italente egugu kakhulu njengeMagda Love, Daze, Crash, Cekis, Werc, Alice Mizrachi, Case MacLaim, Erasmo, Cern, Alexandre Keto, Li-Hill, Jonga enye, i-Icy & Sot, kunye nokunye-isichotho Amazwe ahlukeneyo angama-14 (iJamani, eKhanada, eMexico, eArgentina, eBelarus, nangaphezulu), kunye nakwiindawo ezivela kuyo yonke iinqununu ezihlanu zedolophu, kuquka, eqinisweni, iQueens.
Sisazililela ukulahleka kwe-5 Pointz kwi-LIC, kodwa umoya wobugcisa bezitalato uhlala kulo mmandla onamandla.
INkundla yokuLungisa, i-Astoria
Awuzange uzalise ngokumangalisayo ubugcisa bee-Queens zesitalato? Unenhlanhla: Yenza nje intloko kwi-Astoria engumakhelwane, apho konke kusemgangathweni kwizinto zobugcisa bezitalato kwiNkundla yokuLungisa. Ukungqongqiswa kwamanzi ngaseVernon Boulevard kunye nenyakatho, i- Astoria Park , le nqanaba elincinci elincinci lenziwe nge-hodgepodge yezakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezamashishini, zinika indawo eyahlukahlukeneyo apho abaculi bangayipenda kunye nokuzama. Iminyango enkulu yensimbi kunye neengqimba zeendawo ezininzi zokugcina izitena apha zihlanganiswe ngemifanekiso, zinika ingcamango yecwecwe lokubonisa igrafiti eboniswe kwiimyuziyam ezivulekileyo zasemadolobheni ezenza iibhloko eziliqela. Kukho neengqungqelo ezijikeleza iindonga kwaye zizalise izixhobo, zongeza izalathisi kunye nobunzulu kumava okubukela. Uluntu alukwamukelwanga nje kuphela kodwa luyamenywa abaququzeleli be-Ad Hoc Art ukuba balungele kwaye bavelele ukubonakaliswa kwale mihlaba emangalisayo yemveli (bathi kathathu ngokukhawuleza!). Isiphumo sisicwangciso seprogram esinexesha eliyiminyaka eli-8 esiqhubeka sikhula kwisigxina kunye nobubanzi, njengoko sikhokelwa ngumsunguli uGarrison Buxton.
Iingqungquthela ziyakunandipha naluphi na umyalelo, kwaye akukho naluphi uhlobo lokuqala olucetyiswayo, ngenxa yokuba umzila ojikelezayo wendwendwe uhamba ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukufumana isikhokelo, kuquka namagama abo bonke abaculi abathatha inxaxheba, khangela le mephu ephathekayo ; qaphela ukuba kufike kuphela ukuya kutsho ngoJuni 2017, xa imisebenzi emininzi emininzi iya kuguqulwa ngumboniso omtsha.
Inkqubo ye-8 yeNkundla yokuLungisa iNkundla yokuLungiswa kweNkundla yokuHlaba kunye negosa ibonakalisa ityala elitsha lamaso kunye nekhono lobuchopho eqhubekayo ngoJuni 10, 2017. Ukudalwa kwala macala amatsha kuza kubakho ngeveki ngaphambi kokuba, ngoko ukhululeke ukuma uze ubone abaculi basebenzayo kwimilingo yabo. Ngo-2017, ama-artists angaphezu kwama-130 avela kumazwe angaphezu kwama-20 aya kuthatha inxaxheba, kubandakanywa amanxeba asemgangathweni wobugcisa bezitalato ezifana noJoe Iurato, uRubin 415, u-Werc kunye nabanye abanomdla abafana neKathy Yamasaki kunye nokubuya kwe-Lady Pink, i-Queens- u-Ecuador ozalelwe ngokuzalwa kunye "nomfazi wokuqala wegraffiti" oye waba 'umbhali' osebenzayo ukususela ngowe-1979.
Ngaphandle kweMida yoLuntu
Ngaphandle kwezi projekthi ezikhethiweyo eziqhelekileyo, ubugcisa bezitrato bunokufunyanwa bufafaze kulo lonke i-borough yaseQueens, nokuba ingaba yinto engacatshulwayo okanye yenziwe ngobuchwepheshe; ihlonishwa kwaye igcinwe, ifakwe ngaphezulu kunye neyiweyo, okanye isele ichithe ngexesha. Kwiindawo zaseQueens ezifana neWorsideside kunye neSt Albans , uya kufumana izibhambano ezigubungelayo iimvumi zendawo, abadlali, abaqhankqalazi, iziqheno zomakhelwane, amaqhawe awayo, kunye neengxelo zethemba kunye nokulahleka. Mhlawumbi kwindawo ethile kuloo mxube ngumculi ogqithisiweyo ufuna i-entry kwilizwe elinobuchule kunye neenzuzo zemibukiso, iminyuziyamu kunye nokuthengiswa kwempahla; mhlawumbi iBasquiat elandelayo, i-Banksy, okanye i-Shepard Fairey. Okanye, mhlawumbi, ngumntu ongeke ukwazi, umculi ongeyimfihlakalo yemilayezo yomntu kunye nekhowudi eneentsingiselo onokuze uziqonde ngokupheleleyo - iimbongi ezibonakalayo ze-ephemeral, ukwabelana ngombono wazo apha e-Queens.