Imbali yama-Amish eMelika
Abantu base-Amish eMelika yihlelo lenkolo elidala, inzala ngqo yama-Anabaptists eYurophu yekhulu le-16. Akunakudideka kunye nexesha elichasene noMbhaptizi, la maKristu aseAnabaptist aphendulela ukuguqulwa kukaMartin Luther kunye nabanye ngexesha leNguqulelo yamaProthestani, benqabe ubhaptizo olusana olwenzelwe ubhaptizo (okanye ukubhaptizwa kwakhona) njengabantu abadala abakholwayo. Baye bafundisa ukwahlukaniswa kwecawa kunye nelizwe, into engavunywanga kwikhulu le-16.
Kamva eyaziwa ngokuba yiMennonites, emva kweNdoli yama-Anabaptist inkokheli iMenno Simons (1496-1561), iqela elikhulu lama-Anabaptist labalekela eSwitzerland nakwezinye iindawo ezikude zaseYurophu ukuba zibalekele intshutshiso yonqulo.
Ngexesha lokugqibela kwee-1600, iqela labantu abazinikeleyo elikhokela nguJames Ammann laphuka kwiMenonites yaseSwitzerland, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokungabi nokunyanzeliswa ngokuthe ngqo kweMeidung, okanye ukuyeka ukuxothwa kwamalungu angathobeliyo okanye anganamdla. Kwaye kwahluka kwezinye izinto ezifana nokuhlamba iinyawo kunye nokungabikho kolawulo oluqinileyo lweendleko. Eli qela laziwa ngokuba yi-Amish kwaye, nanamhla, isabelana ngeenkolelo ezifanayo njengabazala babo baseMennonite. Ukwahlula phakathi kwama-Amish kunye namaMenonite ngokuyinxalenye yendlela yokugqoka kunye nendlela yokunqula.
Amish zokuhlala eMelika
Iqela lokuqala elikhulu lama-Amish lafika eMelika malunga ne-1730 kwaye yahlala kufuphi neLancaster County, ePennsylvania, ngenxa yoluvo lukaWilliam Penn 'lokunyamezela kwenkolo.
I-Amish Pennsylvania yase-Pennsylvania ayilona liqela elikhulu kunazo zonke zase-US Amish njengoko kucinga ukucinga. Ama-Amish sele ahlala kwiindawo ezingamashumi amabini anesine, iCanada, ne-Central America, nangona malunga nama-80% asePennsylvania, eOhio nase-Indiana. I-Amish ingxowankulu ye-Amish eseHolmes kunye neendawo ezikuloo northeast Ohio, malunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 ukusuka ePittsburgh.
Ubukhulu obuninzi liqela labantu base-Amish e-Elkhart kunye namacandelo ajikelezayo kwintshona-mpuma ye-Indiana. Emva koko kufika isixeko sase-Amish eLancaster County, ePennsylvania. Inani labantu abangama-Amish kwinani lase-US ngaphezu kwe-150,000 kunye nokukhula, ngenxa yobukhulu beentsapho (abantwana abasixhenxe abaphakathi) kunye neqondo lokugcinwa kwelungu elingama-80%.
Amish Orders
Ngokomlinganiselo othile, kuninzi iinqununu ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwabantu base-Amishi, ininzi inxulumene nomyalelo wezenkolo ezinhlanu - i-Old Order Amish, i-Order Order yama-Amish, no-Andy Weaver Amish, i-Beachy Amish kunye ne-Swartzentruber Amish. Ezi iicawa zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo komnye nomnye ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela abaqhuba ngayo inkolo yabo nokuziphatha ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. I-Old Order yama-Amish yiqela elikhulu kunazo zonke kunye ne-Swartzentruber Amish, i-offshoot ye-Old Order, eyona nto iyalondoloza.
Imbali yama-Amish eMelika
Zonke iinkalo zobomi be-Amish zichazwe uluhlu lwemithetho ebhaliweyo okanye yomlomo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi- Ordnung , echaza izinto ezisiseko zekholo lama-Amish kwaye inceda ukuchaza oko kuthetha ukuthini ukuba yi-Amish. Ngomntu ongum-Amish, i-Ordnung inokuyichazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bomntu, kwiingubo kunye nobude beenwele kwiindlela zokuhamba kunye neendlela zokulima.
I-Ordnung ihluka ukusuka kuluntu ukuya kuluntu kunye nomyalelo wokuyalela, nto ichaza ukuba kutheni uza kubona ama-Amish egibela emotweni, ngelixa abanye bengavumi ukusetyenziswa kwezibane ezixhaswe ngebhetri.
Ingubo ye-Amish
Isimboli sokholo lwabo, izitala zokugqoka i-Amish zikhuthaza ukuthobeka nokuhlukana kwihlabathi. Isambatho se-Amish ngesitayela esilula, ukuphepha konke kodwa ukubethelwa kweyona nto. Izambatho zenziwe kwikhaya lamacwecwe asemacaleni kwaye ngokugqithiseleyo kumnyama ngombala. Amish amadoda, ngokuqhelekileyo, agqoke iinqwelo eziqinileyo kunye neengubo ezingenazo iikholeji, iipopels okanye ipokethi. Iingxowa azizange zibe ne-creases okanye i-cuffs kwaye zigqithwe kunye nabaxhasi. Iibhentshi zivunyelwe, njengokuba ziyi-sweaters, i-neckties kunye neiglavu. Iingubo zamadoda zixhomekeke kumaqhosha emveli kwimiyalelo emininzi, ngelixa iingubo zambatho kunye neembotyi zixhomekeke ngeentambo kunye namehlo.
Amadoda amancinci ahlambulukile phambi komtshato, ngelixa amadoda asetshatiweyo kufuneka avumele iindevu zabo zikhule. Iifomashi zivunyelwe. Abafazi base-Amish ngokuqhelekileyo banxiba iingubo ezigxibileyo zombala kunye nemikhono emide kunye neengubo ezigcweleyo, ezigutywe ngepape kunye nefonta. Abazange banqunywe iinwele zabo, bazigqoke ngesibindi okanye ibhinqa emva kwentloko efihlakeleyo encinci emhlophe okanye emnyama. Izambatho zihlanganiswe nezikhonkwane ezichanekileyo okanye eziqhoqhekileyo, izitokisini ziyikotoni emnyama kunye nezicathulo nazo zimnyama. Abafazi base-Amishe abavunyelwe ukugqoka iimpahla eziphathekayo okanye iigrafu. I-Ordnung yecandelo elithile le-Amish lingayichaza imicimbi yokugqoka ngokucacileyo njengokuba ubude bengubo okanye ububanzi bomgca.
IThekhnoloji ne-Amish
Ama-Amish ayaphambukisa nayiphi na iteknoloji enokuthi iyanciphisa isakhiwo sentsapho. Ukulungelelanisa ukuba sonke sithatha njengento ebonakalayo njengombane, umabonwakude, imoto, iifowuni kunye neetrekta zibhekwa njengesilingo esinokubangela ubumbulu, ukudala ukungalingani, okanye ukukhokelela ama-Amish kude noluntu oluhlangeneyo kwaye, njengokuba , akakhuthazwa okanye ayamkelwe kwii-oda ezininzi. Ininzi yama-Amish ihlakulela amasimi abo ngemishini ekhwele ihashe, ihlala ezindlwini ezingenawo umbane, kwaye zijikeleze ngeebhokhwe ezikhwele amahashe. Kuqhelekileyo kwiindawo zase-Amishi ukuvumela ukusebenzisa iifowuni, kodwa kungekhona ekhaya. Kunoko, iintsapho ezininzi zama-Amish ziya kubelana ngefowuni kwi-shanty phakathi kweefama. Ngamanye amaxesha umbane usetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile, ezifana nezicwangciso zombane zeenkomo, izibane zombane ezikhanyayo kumagumbi, kunye nokufudumala amakhaya. Iimfomfele zomoya zivame ukusetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla kagesi aveliswa ngokwemvelo kwiimeko ezinjalo. Kwakhona akuqhelekanga ukubona i-Amish usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bekhulu le-20 njengamabala e-inline, i-diapers ezilahlayo, kunye ne-grills grills kuba i-Ordnung.
I-teknoloji ngokuqhelekileyo apho uza kubona ukungqubana okukhulu phakathi kwama-Amish. I-Swartzentruber kunye no-Andy Weaver Amish zi-ultraconservative ekusebenziseni iteknoloji-umzekelo we-Swartzentruber, umzekelo, awuvumeli nokusetyenziswa kwezibane zebhetri. I-Amish ye-Old Amashishini ayinakusetyenziswa kancinci kwi-teknoloji yanamhlanje kodwa ivumelekile ukukhwela kwiinqwelo ezihamba ngeenjini eziquka iiplani kunye nemoto, nangona bengavunyelwe ukuba nabo. I-Order entsha yama-Amish ivumela ukusetyenziswa kombane, ubunini beemoto, iimashishini zokulima zanamhlanje, kunye neefowuni ekhaya.
Izikolo ze-Amish kunye neMfundo
Ama-Amish akholelwa kakhulu kwimfundo, kodwa kuphela ebonelela ngemfundo esemthethweni ngebanga lesibhozo kwaye kuphela kwizikolo zabo ezizimeleyo. Ama-Amish akhululwa kwi-intlanganiso yokunyanzeliswa kwexesha elingaphezu kweyesi-8 kwibakala lezenkolo, ngenxa yesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo se-1972. Izikolo zamagumbi akwa-Amish ziyimpuma, ziqhutywa ngabazali abangama-Amish. Ukufunda isikolo kukugxila ekufundeni okuyisiseko, ukubhala, izibalo kunye nejografi, kunye nokuqeqeshwa koqeqesho kunye noluntu kwi-Amish nembali kunye nemilinganiselo. Imfundo nayo inxalenye enkulu yobomi bekhaya, kunye nezolimo kunye nezakhono zokuzenzela ezibhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekileyo yokukhuliswa komntwana wama-Amish.
Ubomi boBomi boBomi
Intsapho iyona yunithi ebaluleke kakhulu yentlalo kwinkcubeko yama-Amish. Iintsapho ezinkulu ezinabantwana abasixhenxe ukuya kwabayishumi ziqhelekileyo. Imisebenzi ihlukaniswe ngokucacileyo yindoda yesondo kwindlu yase-Amish - indoda ihlala isebenza epulazini, ngelixa umfazi ehlamba, ehlambulula, epheka, kunye neminye imisebenzi yasekhaya. Kukho ukungafani, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo uyise uthathwa njengentloko yekhaya lama-Amish. IsiJamani sithetha ekhaya, nangona isiNgesi sifundiswa esikolweni. UAmish utshatile u-Amish - akukho mtshato ovumelekileyo. Ukwahlukana akuvunyelwanga kwaye ukwahlukana kuyinto engavamile.
Amish Daily Life
Ama-Amish azihlukanisa nabanye ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo zonqulo, ahlala ecaphuna iivesi zeBhayibhile ezilandelayo ukuxhasa zabo iinkolelo.
- "Musa ukungafanelanga ijoka kunye nabangakholwayo. + Ubulungisa nobungendawo bufana njani na? (II Korinte 6:14)
- Phumani phakathi kwabo, nibe ngabodwa, itsho iNkosi. (II Korinte 6:17)
- "Nani ningafanelani neli hlabathi, kodwa nilitshintshwe ngokuhlaziywa kwengqondo yenu, ukuba nilingqine oko okulungileyo, nokwamkelekileyo, nokufezekileyo, ukuthanda kukaThixo." (Roma 12: 2)
Ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo zonqulo, u-Amish uzama ukuzihlukanisa "nabangaphandle," ekuzameni ukuphepha izilingo nesono. Bakhetha, kunoko, ukuba bathembele kuzo kunye namanye amalungu omphakathi wase-Amishi wasekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yolu xholo, i-Amish ayifaki ukuKhuseleko loLuntu okanye yamkela ezinye iindlela zorhulumente uncedo. Ukuphepha kwabo ulwalamano kuzo zonke iifom kuthetha ukuba nabo abakhonzi emkhosini.
Ibandla ngalinye li-Amish lenziwa ngu-bhishophu, abafundisi ababini, kunye nomdikoni - bonke abesilisa. Akukho icawa ephakathi kwama-Amish. Iinkonzo zonqulo ziqhutyelwa kumakhaya omalungu omphakathi apho iindonga zenzelwe ukuba zihanjiswe ngaphandle kweendibano ezinkulu. I-Amish ivakalelwa kukuba izithethe zibopha izizukulwana kunye kwaye zibonelela i-anchor kwixesha elidlulileyo, inkolelo echaza indlela abaqhuba iinkonzo zonqulo, ukubhaptizwa, imitshato kunye nemingcwabo.
Amish Ubhaptizo
Ukubhaptizwa kwabantu abadala abangama-Amish, kunokubhaptizwa kwabantwana, bakholelwa ukuba abantu abadala kuphela abanokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi ngokusindiswa kwabo nokuzinikela kwicawa. Ngaphambi kokubhaptizwa, abantwana abase-Amish bakhuthazwa ukuba basampulule ubomi kwihlabathi langaphandle, kwixesha elibhekiselelwe kwi- rumspringa , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania "yokugijima." Basoloko beboshwe yienkolelo nemithetho yabazali babo, kodwa inani elithile lokungahoywa kunye nokuvavanywa livumelekile okanye linganakwa. Ngelo xesha abancinci abaninzi base-Amish basebenzisa imithetho ekhululekile yokufumana ithuba lokuzonwabisa, kodwa abanye banokugqoka "isiNgesi," umsi, ukuthetha ngeefowuni okanye ukuqhuba ngeenxa zonke kwimoto. I-Rumspringa iphetha xa ulutsha lucela ubhaptizo ebandleni okanye lukhetha ukushiya isigxina i-Amish society. Uninzi lukhetha ukuhlala u-Amish.
Imibutho yama-Amish
Imishado yama-Amish ilula, iziganeko ezivuyisayo ezibandakanya uluntu lwase-Amishi. Imitshato yase-Amish isenziwa ngoLwesibini kunye neLwesine ekupheleni kwexesha lokugqibela, emva kokuvuna kokugqibela kwekwindla. Ukubambisana kwesibini kubesoloko kufihliwe imfihlelo ukuya kwiiveki ezimbalwa ngaphambi komtshato xa iinjongo zabo "zishicilelwe" esontweni. Umtshato uvame ukuqhutyelwa kwindlu yabazali bomtshakazi enomkhosi omude, olandelwa ngumthendeleko omkhulu kwiindwendwe ezimenywe. Umtshakazi wenza iingubo ezitsha kumtshato, oya kukhonza njengengubo "egqibeleleyo" kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo emva komtshato. Ubuluhlaza ngumbala wengubo yomtshato. Ngokungafani nentsonkothile yemitshato yanamhlanje, nangona kunjalo, imitshato yama-Amish ayibandakanyi ukuzenzela, iindandatho, iintyatyambo, iinkathazo okanye iifoto. Abantu abasandul 'ukutshatyalaliswa ngokuqhelekileyo bachitha ubusuku bomtshato kwikhaya lomama womtshakazi ukuze bavuke kusasa kusasa ukuze bancede bahlambulule ikhaya.
Amashment
Njengoko ebomini, ukulula kubalulekile kuma-Amish emva kokufa. Imingcwabo ibanjwe rhoqo endlwini yomfi. Inkonzo yomngcwabo ilula, kungekho nzolo okanye iintyatyambo. Iiskkethi zibonakaliswe ngamabhokisi ezenziwe ngamaplanga, ezenziwe ngaphakathi kuluntu. Uninzi lwabantu base-Amishi luya kuvumela ukucwiliswa komzimba ngumgcini wendawo oqhelana namasiko ase-Amish, kodwa akukho mveliso eyenziwa.
Umngcwabo we-Amish kunye nokungcwaba kubanjwe iintsuku ezintathu emva kokufa. Umntu oshonile uvame ukungcwaba kwindawo yamangcwaba ase-Amish. Amangcwaba aphethwe ngesandla. I-Gravestones ilula, ilandela imfundiso yama-Amish yokuba akukho mntu ulungile kunomnye. Kwezinye iindawo zase-Amishi, iimpawu zamatye alinakucatshulwa. Kunoko, imephu igcinwa ngabaphathiswa basekuhlaleni ukuba bachonge abahlali bendawo nganye yokungcwaba.
Shunning
Shunning, okanye meidung kuthetha ukuxoshwa kummandla wase-Amish ngokuphula umthetho-nkonzo-kuquka ukutshata ngaphandle kokholo. Isiqhelo sokugwema sizathu esona sizathu sokuba ama-Amish aphuke kude namaMenonites ngo-1693. Xa umntu ephantsi kwam, uthabathetha ukuba bashiye abahlobo babo, intsapho, kunye nempilo. Bonke oonxibelelwano kunye noqhagamshelwano banqunyulwa, kwaphakathi kwamalungu entsapho. Shunning inzulu, yaye ngokuqhelekileyo ibhekwa njengento yokugqibela emva kokulumkisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo.