Inkcazo emfutshane yeNgqungquthela yeMexican 1910-1920
UMexico wahamba phakathi kwemibutho yezopolitiko kunye nentlalo phakathi kowe-1910 no-1920. Inguqulelo yaseMexico yasetyenziswa ngeli xesha, eqala ngemizamo yokukhupha umongameli Porfirio Diaz. Umgaqo-siseko omtsha owabandakanya iinjongo ezininzi ze-Revolution wenziwa ngo-1917 kodwa ubudlobongela abuzange buphele kude kube yilapho u-Álvaro Obregón engumongameli ngo-1920. Nazi ezinye zezizathu zokuguquka kunye nolwazi malunga nesiphumo salo.
Ukuchaswa kuDiaz
U-Porfirio Diaz wayenamandla ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 xa wayethetha nodliwano-ntatheli waseMelika uJames Creelman ngo-1908 apho wathi iMexico yayilungele intando yeninzi kwaye ukuba umongameli amlandele kufuneka akhethwe ngentando yenkululeko. Uthe wathi wayekulindele phambili ekubunjweni kwamacandelo ezopolitiko aphikisayo. UFrancisco Madero, igqwetha laseCoahuila , wathatha uDiaz ngelizwi lakhe waza wagqiba ukulwa naye ngoonyulo luka-1910.
UDiaz (obonakala ukuba wayengathethi ukuba uthetha ntoni kuCreelman) wayeseMarero eboshiweyo waza wachaza ukuba uwunqobe lonyulo. UMadero wabhala iSicwangciso sikaSan Luis Potosi esabiza abantu baseMexico ukuba baphakamise kwiingalo zokulwa nomongameli ngoNovemba 20, 1910.
Iimbangela zeNguqulelo yaseMexico:
- Ulawulo lolawulo lokunyanzelisa ulawulo lukaPofirio Diaz iminyaka engaphezu kwe-30
- Ukuxhaphazwa kunye nokuphathwa kakubi kwabasebenzi
- Ukungafani okukhulu phakathi kwezityebi kunye nehlwempu
Umndeni waseSerdan wasePuebla, uceba ukujoyina iMadero, ube neengalo ezigcinwe ekhaya xa zifumanwe ngoNovemba 18, iintsuku ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba uguquko luqale. Imfazwe yokuqala ye-revolution yenzeke ekhayeni labo, ngoku i- museum ezinikele kwi-revolution .
UMadero, kunye nabalandeli bakhe, uFrancoco "Pancho" Villa, owayekhokela imikhosi eMntla, noEmiliano Zapata, owayekhokela imikhosi yase- campesinos ekumemeza kwe "¡Tierra y Libertad!" (Umhlaba kunye nenkululeko!) EMzantsi, bawunqobile ekubhubhiseni uDiaz, owabaleka eFransi apho wahlala ekuthinjweni kwada kwafa ngowe-1915.
UMadero wakhethwa ngumongameli. Kuze kube yilapho abaguquleli babebenenjongo efanayo, kodwa kunye noMadero njengomongameli, ukungafani kwabo kwacaca. I-Zapata kunye ne-Villa bekulwela ukulungiswa kwezenhlalakahle kunye nezolimo, kanti uMadero wayekade enomdla wokwenza utshintsho kwezopolitiko.
NgoNovemba wama-25, 1911, uZapata wamemezela iSicwangciso se-Ayala esichaze ukuba injongo yokuguqulwa kwimihlaba yayiza kubelwa kwakhona umhlaba. Yena kunye nabalandeli bakhe bavukela uMadero kunye noorhulumente wakhe. Ukususela ngoFebruwari 9 ukuya ku-19, 1913, i- Decena Tragica (iintsuku ezilishumi ezibuhlungu) zenzeka eMexico City .
Jikelele u-Victoriano Huerta, owayekhokela imikhosi yombutho, wabuyela kuMadero waza wamfaka entolongweni. U-Huerta wabe esethatha uongameli kwaye wenza uMadero kunye no-vice-president wakhe uJoseph Maria Pino Suarez.
Venustiano Carranza
Ngo-Matshi 1913, uVinustiano Carranza, urhulumente waseCoahuila, wamemezela i- Plan de Guadalupe , eyamgatya urhulumente kaHuerta kwaye yaceba ukuqhubeka kweenkqubo zikaMadero. Wakha umkhosi we-Constitutionalist, kwaye i-Villa, uZapata no-Orozco bajoyina naye baza bachitha uHuerta ngoJulayi 1914.
KwiConvencion de Aguascalientes ka-1914, ukungafani phakathi kwabaguquleli kwakhona kwafika phambili.
UVillistas, iZapatistas noCarrancistas bahlula. ICarranza, ukukhusela iimfuno zeeklasi eziphezulu zaxhaswa yi-United States. I-Villa yawela umda waya e-US waza yahlasela uColumbus, eNew Mexico. I-US yathumela amabutho eMexico ukuba amthinte kodwa aphumelelanga. Ezantsi kweZapata wahlula umhlaba waza wanikela kwiinkampu, kodwa ekugqibeleni wagonyelwa ukuba abalekele ezintabeni.
Ngo-1917 iCarranza yakha uMgaqo-siseko omtsha owazisa ezinye iinguqu zentlalo nezoqoqosho. UZapata wagcina imvukelo eningizimu de wabulawa ngo-Apreli 10, 1919. UCarranza wasala umongameli kude kube ngo-1920, xa u-Älvaro Obregón ethatha isikhundla. I-Villa yaxolelwa ngowe-1920, kodwa yabulawa kwi-ranch yakhe ngo-1923.
Iziphumo zenguqulelo
Inguqulelo yaphumelela ekugqibeleni i-Porfirio Diaz, kwaye ekubeni ingu-revolution akukho mongameli uye walawula ixesha elide ngaphezu kweminyaka emithandathu emiselweyo eofisini.
I-PRI ( iPartido Revolucionario Institucionalizado - i-Institutionalized Revolutionary Party) iqela lezopolitiko lisiqhamo se-revolution, kwaye yalondoloza uongameli ukusuka ngexesha lokuguqulwa kuze kube yilapho u-Vicente Fox we-PAN (Partido de Accion Nacional - iNational Action Party) ukhethwe ngumongameli ngo-2000.
Funda i-akhawunti eneenkcukacha ezongezelelweyo zeNguqulelo yaseMexico.