Ngesinye isihlandlo, iArizona yaziwa ngamazwe ngamazwe njengenkululeko yokubandezeleka kwengqondo. Ngezifo ezibangelwa ukuphefumula ukuya kwisifo se-asthma ukuya kwisifo sofuba, izigulana zihlangene kwindawo leyo.
Cloud Brown
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwee-1990, abahlali be- Valley of Sun baye bafuna ukukhulula kwabo. I-"Cloud Cloud", njengoko sele yaziwa, iqukumbela indawo yasePhoenix ekungcoleni phantse malunga ne-year-round eyabangela ukuba uMbutho wamaLungisa waseMelika unike iBakala laseMaricopa ibakala elona liphantsi kunobungakanani bomoya kumabini kunye neengqungquthela ngo-2005.
Ingxelo yombutho we-"State of Air 2005", ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2.6, okanye i-79%, yabemi bee-county bayengozi enkulu yokuphefumula ngenxa yobungakanani bomoya. Phakathi kwabo basemngciphekweni abahlali abane-asthma, i-bronchitis, isifo senhliziyo, nesifo sikashukela.
Yintoni eyenza iingxaki zePhoenix Air Quality Problems
Ngokona nxalenye, iGreen Brown iqukethe iincinci ezincinci zecarbon ne-nitrogen dioxide gas. Ezi zinto zifakelwa emoyeni ikakhulukazi ekutshiseni amafutha asefosil. Iimoto, uthuli olunxulumene nolwakhiwo, izityalo zamandla, ama-mowers asegesi anegesi, amaqabunga amaqabunga, kunye negalelo elininzi kwigalelo lemihla ngemihla.
Nangona ezinye iindawo ezizungeze ilizwe zinokusetyenziswa kwepetrofana ezifanayo ngaphandle kwemiphumo ebonakalayo emva kweempembelelo, indawo, imeko yemozulu, kunye nokukhula okukhawulezayo okubangele abahlali kunye neendwendwe kule ndawo banceda ukunqumla abo bahlukileyo kunye neegesi.
Ebusuku, uluhlu lwe-inversion lufometha ngaphezu kweNtlambo.
Njengalo naluphi na intlango, umoya oza kufikelela emhlabeni uhlawule ngokukhawuleza kunomoya ongentla. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafani nezinye iindawo ezinqabileyo, umoya opholileyo uhamba ungene phezulu kwomoya ofudumele ngasentshonalanga kwiintaba ezungezile.
Ngenxa yoko, umoya ufikele kufuphi nomhlaba kwiNtlambo, umoya oqulethwe uninzi lwezinto ezingcolileyo kuloo ndawo, usasazeka.
Njengoko umgangatho wentlango uyaphula ngexesha lemini, iinqununu ziphakama zibe yindawo ebonakalayo ehamba njengoko imini iyaqhubeka.
Kuyo yonke imini, ukutshintsha kwemoya kwintlambo kubangela ukuhluka kwiGreen Brown. Ukususela kwimini-ntsuku, ifu liyaxoshwa empuma. Ngalo lonke ilanga, umjikelezo uqala kwakhona.
I-Brown Cloud Summit
Ngo-Matshi 2000, iRhuluneli uJane Hull yakha i-Governor's Brown Cloud Summit, ikomiti yezopolitiko zendawo kunye nabashishini, abazinikezele ukubuyisela umoya we-Valley kwi-once once ecacileyo. Ekhokelwa ngumphathi wezulu kunye noMongameli welizwe u-Ed Phillips, iNkomfa yahlola le ngxaki kwiinyanga ezilishumi. Ngokwemibiko yokugqibela yeSigqeba samaBlack Brown, inkqubo echazwe ngasentla ayiyikuthi ilahlekele kuphela iintaba ezibonakalayo zijikeleze iNtlambo, igalelo kwakhona kwiimeko eziphambili zengxaki zempilo, ingakumbi izifo zokuphefumula ezibandakanya ukuphefumula kunye nesifo se-asthma, ekhokelela ekuphakameni kunesiqhelo Amanani okufa ukusuka kwizifo zentliziyo kunye nemiphunga.
Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ukuphucula umgangatho we-Phoenix Air Air
INgqungquthela iqukumbele ukuba kuphela isisombululo sokusebenzisana sinokunciphisa okanye siphume iFolk Brown. Okokuqala, abemi beFenix kufuneka baqonde izizathu kunye nemiphumo yokungcola komoya. Emva koko, ngokubambisana namashishini asekuhlaleni kunye namagosa akhethiweyo, kufuneka anciphise ukuqaliswa kokungcola emoyeni ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuzithandela kunye ezilawulwayo.
Abemi bobucala kunye nabanini-bhishini banokuthatha isenzo ngokwenza, umzekelo, ukunciphisa i-traffic, ukukhupha i-carpooling, nokukhuthaza noku / okanye ukuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokuhamba ngokubanzi, kubandakanywa neendlela ezihambayo zokuhamba ngomzila wesitimela ePowenix nakwiindawo ezikufutshane.
Ezinye iindlela zibandakanya izithuthi zokulungisa nokukhupha izixhobo zokulawula ukukhutshwa kwamanzi okanye ezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye nokuthengwa kwezithuthi ezicocileyo zoshishino kunye neenqwelo zorhulumente.
Abakhiqizi bezithuthi baziphendulele kwiimfuno zezithuthi "ezitshoyo" ngokuvelisa iimvumi ezinokuqhuba umbane okanye i-petroli, kunye neemoto ezixhaswa yi-gesi yendalo egxininisiweyo (i-CNG) okanye i-biodiesel eyenziwa kwizixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa ezifana ne-oli yemifuno kunye ne-soybean.
Uphando lokusebenzisa i-hydrogen fuel cells ezikhupha umphunga wamanzi kuphela kodwa akulindeleke ukuba zikhokelela kwimoto emininzi enokuthengwa ngempahla iminyaka emininzi.
Imimiselo enyanzelisayo nayo idlala indima ekunciphiseni ukungcola kwendawo. Iimoto ezinqabileyo kunye nokukhutshwa kwezezimbane zenziwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka ukuba zihambisane neziphakamiso zeSummit kunye ne-Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Ishishini esinzima liye lajongelwa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-smokestack. Abalimi kunye nenkampani yokwakha kufuneka bahlangabezane nemigangatho yokulawula uthuli olunamanzi ukuze kugcinwe amanqanaba e-particulate phantsi.
Ngaba izinga le-Phoenix lomoya lithuthukisiwe ukususela ngo-2000?
Ngokwe-EPA, umoya wendawo yePoenix yayiphucula kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kodwa i-agesi ekhupha i-Maricopa County "iSaziso soLwaphulo" ngoMeyi 2005 ukwenzela ukuphulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo kwimigangatho yemigangatho yemimandla yomoya echazwe ngo-1990. UMthetho woMoya. Ngoxa i-data isacubungulwa ngo-2005, ngo-2004 iNxweme yaseMaricopa yanyusa i-30 yokuphulwa.
Ngenxa yoko, i-EPA inikwe igunya lokuba ukungcoliseka kommandla we-particulate kufuneka kunqunywe ubuncinane ngama-5% ngonyaka ngokusekelwe kumanqanaba angoku. Lezo zicucu ziya kunyanzeliswa de kube igosa lombuso lizonelisekile kwimigangatho ethile yempilo. Amagosa asekuhlaleni angabikho ngo-2007 ukunikela isicwangciso sabo kwi-EPA ukuhlangabezana nale miqathango emitsha.
Amagosa ase-Maricopa County abizwa ngokuba ngu-2005 "ngowona mgangatho ophezulu kumgangatho womoya" ngokubhekiselele kwingxelo kaJanuwari 2006 "e-Arizona Republic." ISebe le-Environmental Quality (ADEQ) yase-Arizona (i-ADEQ) uMlawuli uSteve Owens uthe ukungcoliseka komoya ngexesha lobusika ka-2005 "kwakufana nohlobo lwe-Brown Cloud kwi-steroids."
Iipolyuter ezimbi kunazo zonke ePhoenix
Ngokutsho kweSebe eliPhezulu loMgangatho we-Air Quality of Maricopa, abaphuli bezona zimbi kakhulu ekungenikeni kwendawo ekugqibeleni kwimigangatho yomoya kubonakala ngathi ngabaphuhlisi bezindlu abahlawulela amakhulu amawaka eedola ngokuhlawulwa ngothuli kunye nokuphulwa kwemvume kunyaka odlulileyo.
Abavelisi, iinkampani zorhwebo, kunye nabanye abaninzi baye bahlawuliswa yisebe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zecala.
Ukongezelela ekulawuleni i-polluters yezoshishino, abaphathi beNgingqi bafikelela kubemi bendawo ukuba benze inxaxheba ekucoceni umoya. Iingcebiso zibandakanya ukugcina iimoto ezilungeleyo nokusebenza kakuhle, ukunciphisa nokudibanisa iindwendwe, ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zikawonkewonke, kunye nokuyeka ukusebenzisa izitofu zokhuni okanye iingcango zangaphakathi ngexesha leengcebiso eziphezulu zokungcola, ezaziwa nangokuthi "iintsuku ezingatshatshayo." Abahlali banokufownela (602) 506-6400 nayiphi na ixesha ngemilayezo ngesiNgesi nangesiSpeyin esichazela imimiselo yokutshisa imithi.
Imimiselo eyongezelelweyo ingaqwalaselwa kwiNgingqi yaseMaricopa kuquka ukunyanzeliswa okunyanisiweyo kwemigangatho yokuthuthwa kwezithuthi kunye nezomhlaba kunye nomthetho wokuthungatha uthuli kunye nokwandisa imibhobho yokutshisa emlilweni. Amadolophu angaqwalasela ukubeka imingcipheko kwiimvumba zeqabunga kunye neminye imithombo yongcoliseko lwengqungquthela engekalawulwa.
Ukujonga phambili
Okwangoku, abahlali be-Valley kunye neendwendwe baya kuqhubeka nokujongana nemiphumo yempilo yeBlack Brown ngokwenza oko banako ukuquka ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwendawo ngexesha leengcebiso eziphezulu zeempepha zomoya kunye nokuvakashela oogqirha okanye amagumbi okuphuthuma esibhedlele xa ukuphefumula kuba ngumsebenzi .
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i- Valley ye-Sun yomoya ococekileyo yayisilumkiso esimangalisa kulabo abanezifo zokuphefumula. Nangona loo ndawo ingasayi kuba yinto ecacileyo njengoko iphinda ibuye, iyakwazi ukucoceka ngekhulu lama-21 ngoncedo lwabahlali bendawo kunye namashishini. Oku kuya kunceda wonk 'ubani obiza loo ndawo "ekhaya" uphefumle kakhulu.